Pike Manual

Namespace lfun::

Description

Callback functions used to overload various builtin functions.

The functions can be grouped into a few sets:

Object initialization and destruction.
__INIT(), create(), destroy()
Unary operator overloading.
`~(), `!(), _values(), cast(), _sizeof(), _indices(), __hash()
Binary asymmetric operator overloading.
`+(), ``+(), `-(), ``-(), `&(), ``&(), `|(), ``|(), `^(), ``^(), `<<(), ``<<(), `>>(), ``>>(), `*(), ``*(), `/(), ``/(), `%(), ``%()
Binary symmetric operator overloading.
The optimizer will make assumptions about the relations between these functions.
`==(), _equal(), `<(), `>()
Other binary operator overloading.
`[](), `[]=(), `->(), `->=(), `+=(), `()()
Overloading of other builtin functions.
_is_type(), _sprintf(), _m_delete(), _get_iterator(), _search()

Note

Although these functions are called from outside the object they exist in, they will still be used even if they are declared protected. It is in fact recommended to declare them protected, since that will hinder them being used for other purposes.

See also

::

Method__INIT

void__INIT()

Description

Inherit and variable initialization.

This function is generated automatically by the compiler. It's called just before lfun::create() when an object is instantiated.

It first calls any __INIT functions in inherited classes (regardless of modifiers on the inherits). It then executes all the variable initialization expressions in this class, in the order they occur.

Note

This function can not be overloaded or blocked from executing.

See also

lfun::create()

Method__hash

int__hash()

Description

Hashing callback.

The main caller of this function is predef::hash_value() or the low-level equivalent, which get called by various mapping operations when the object is used as index in a mapping.

Returns

It should return an integer that corresponds to the object in such a way that all values which lfun::`== considers equal to the object get the same hash value.

Note

The function predef::hash does not return hash values that are compatible with this one.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

lfun::`==, predef::hash_value()

Method_deserialize

void_deserialize(objecto, function(function(mixed:void), string, type:mixed) deserializer)

Description

Dispatch function for Serialization.deserialize().

Parameter o

Object to serialize. Always a context of the current object.

Parameter deserializer

Function to be called once for every variable to serialize.

The deserializer function expects to be called with three arguments:

setter - Function that sets the symbol value.

symbol - The symbol name.

symbol_type - The type of the symbol.

Note

A default implementation of lfun::_serialize() and lfun::_deserialize() is available in Serializer.Serializable.

See also

lfun::_serialize(), Serializer.deserialize(), Serializer.Serializable()->_deserialize()

Method_equal: int_equal(mixedarg)
Description: Recursive equality callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::equal(), lfun::`==()

Method_get_iterator

predef::Iterator_get_iterator()

Description

Iterator creation callback.

The returned predef::Iterator instance works as a cursor that references a specific item contained (in some arbitrary sense) in this one.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

predef::Iterator, predef::get_iterator, predef::foreach()

Method_indices: array_indices(object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)
Description: List indices callback.
Returns: Expected to return an array with the valid indices in the object.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::indices(), lfun::_values(), lfun::_types(), ::_indices()

Method_is_type

bool_is_type(stringbasic_type)

Description

Type comparison callback.

Called by the cast operator to determine if an object simulates a basic type.

Parameter basic_type

One of:

"array"

"float"

"function"

"int"

"mapping"

"multiset"

"object"

"program"

"string"

"type"

"void"

"zero"

The following five shouldn't occurr, but are here for completeness:

"lvalue"

"mapping_data"

"object storage"

"pike_frame"

"unknown"

Returns

Expected to return 1 if the object is to be regarded as a simulation of the type specified by basic_type.

Note

The argument is currently a string with the name of the type, but might in the future be a value of the type type.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

Method_m_delete: mixed_m_delete(mixedarg)
Description: Delete index callback.
See also: predef::m_delete()

Method_random: mixed_random()
Description: Called by random(). Typical use is when the object implements a ADT, when a call to this lfun should return a random member of the ADT or range implied by the ADT.
See also: predef::random()

Method_search: mixed_search(mixedneedle, mixed|voidstart)
Description: Search callback.
See also: predef::search()

Method_serialize

void_serialize(objecto, function(mixed, string, type:void) serializer)

Description

Dispatch function for Serializer.serialize().

Parameter o

Object to serialize. Always a context of the current object.

Parameter serializer

Function to be called once for every variable to serialize.

The serializer function expects to be called with three arguments:

value - The value of the symbol.

symbol - The symbol name.

symbol_type - The type of the symbol.

Note

A default implementation of lfun::_serialize() and lfun::_deserialize() is available in Serializer.Serializable.

See also

lfun::_deserialize(), Serializer.serialize(), Serializer.Serializable()->_serialize()

Method_size_object: int_size_object()
Description: Debug.size_object() callback.
Returns: Returns an approximation of the memory use in bytes for the object.
See also: Debug.size_object(), lfun::_sizeof()

Method_sizeof

int_sizeof()

Description

Size query callback.

Called by predef::sizeof() to determine the number of elements in an object. If this function is not present, the number of public symbols in the object will be returned.

Returns

Expected to return the number of valid indices in the object.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

predef::sizeof()

Method_sprintf

string_sprintf(intconversion_type, mapping(string:int)|voidparams)

Description

Sprintf callback.

This method is called by predef::sprintf() to print objects. If it is not present, printing of the object will not be supported for any conversion-type except for the %O-conversion-type, which will output "object".

Parameter conversion_type

One of:

`'b'`	Signed binary integer.
`'d'`	Signed decimal integer.
`'u'`	Unsigned decimal integer.
`'o'`	Signed octal integer.
`'x'`	Lowercase signed hexadecimal integer.
`'X'`	Uppercase signed hexadecimal integer.
`'c'`	Character. If a fieldsize has been specified this will output the low-order bytes of the integer in network byte order.
`'f'`	Float.
`'g'`	Heuristically chosen representation of float.
`'G'`	Like `%g`, but uses uppercase `E` for exponent.
`'e'`	Exponential notation float.
`'E'`	Like `%e`, but uses uppercase `E` for exponent.
`'s'`	String.
`'O'`	Any value (debug style).
`'t'`	Type of the argument.

Parameter params

Conversion parameters. The following parameters may be supplied:

`"precision" : int`	Precision.
`"width" : int`	Field width.
`"flag_left" : int(1..1)`	Indicates that the output should be left-aligned.
`"indent" : int`	Indentation level in `%O`-mode.

Returns

Is expected to return a string describing the object formatted according to conversion_type.

Note

_sprintf() is currently not called for the following conversion-types:

'F'

Binary IEEE representation of float (%4F gives single precision, %8F gives double precision.)

Note

This function might be called at odd times, e.g. before lfun::create has been called or when an error has occurred. The reason is typically that it gets called when a backtrace is being formatted to report an error. It should therefore be very robust and not make any assumptions about its own internal state, at least not when conversion_type is 'O'.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

predef::sprintf()

Method_sqrt: mixed_sqrt()
Description: Called by sqrt when the square root of an object is requested.
Note: _sqrt is not a real lfun, so it must not be defined as static.
See also: predef::sqrt()

Method_types

array_types(object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Description

List types callback.

This callback is typically called via predef::types().

Returns

Expected to return an array with the types corresponding to the indices returned by lfun::_indices().

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

Note

predef::types() was added in Pike 7.9.

See also

predef::types(), lfun::_indices(), lfun::_values(), ::_types()

Method_values: array_values(object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)
Description: List values callback.
Returns: Expected to return an array with the values corresponding to the indices returned by lfun::_indices().
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::values(), lfun::_indices(), lfun::_types(), ::_values()

Method`!: int`!()
Description: Logical not callback.
Returns: Returns non-zero if the object should be evaluated as false, and 0 (zero) otherwise.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::`!()

Method`%: mixed`%(zero ... args)
Description: Left side modulo callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``%(), predef::`%()

Method`&: mixed`&(zero ... args)
Description: Left side bitwise and/intersection callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``&(), predef::`&()

Method`(): mixed`()(zero ... args)
Description: Apply callback.
See also: predef::`()

Method`*: mixed`*(zero ... args)
Description: Left side multiplication/repetition/implosion callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``*(), predef::`*()

Method`+

mixed`+(zeroarg, zero ... rest)

Description

Left side addition/concatenation callback.

This is used by predef::`+. It's called with any arguments that follow this object in the argument list of the call to predef::`+. The returned value should be a new instance that represents the addition/concatenation between this object and the arguments in the order they are given.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

lfun::``+(), lfun::`+=(), predef::`+()

Method`+=

this_program`+=(zeroarg, zero ... rest)

Description

Destructive addition/concatenation callback.

This is used by predef::`+. It's called with any arguments that follow this object in the argument list of the call to predef::`+. It should update this object to represent the addition/concatenation between it and the arguments in the order they are given. It should always return this object.

Note

This function should only be implemented if lfun::`+() also is. It should only work as a more optimized alternative to that one, for the case when it's safe to change the object destructively and use it directly as the result.

Note

This function is not an lfun for the += operator. It's only whether or not it's safe to do a destructive change that decides if this function or lfun::`+() is called; both the + operator and the += operator can call either one.

See also

lfun::`+(), predef::`+()

Method`-

mixed`-(void|zeroarg)

Description

Negation and left side subtraction/set difference callback.

This is used by predef::`-. When called without an argument the result should be a new instance that represents the negation of this object, otherwise the result should be a new instance that represents the difference between this object and arg.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

lfun::``-(), predef::`-()

Method`->

mixed`->(stringindex, object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Description

Arrow index callback.

Parameter index

Symbol in context to access.

Parameter context

Context in the current object to start the search from. If UNDEFINED or left out, this_program::this is to be be used (ie start at the current context and ignore any overloaded symbols).

Parameter access

Access permission override. One of the following:

`0`	See only public symbols.
`UNDEFINED`	See only public symbols.
`1`	See protected symbols as well.

Returns

Returns the value at index if it exists, and UNDEFINED otherwise.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

predef::`->(), ::`->()

Method`->=

mixed`->=(stringindex, zerovalue, object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Description

Arrow index assignment callback.

Parameter index

Symbol in context to change the value of.

Parameter value

The new value.

Parameter context

Context in the current object to start the search from. If UNDEFINED or left out, this_program::this is to be used (ie start at the current context and ignore any overloaded symbols).

Parameter access

Access permission override. One of the following:

`0`	See only public symbols.
`UNDEFINED`	See only public symbols.
`1`	See protected symbols as well.

This function is to index the current object with the string index, and set it to value.

Returns

Returns the set value.

See also

predef::`->=(), ::`->=(), lfun::`[]=()

Method`/: mixed`/(zero ... args)
Description: Left side division/split callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``/(), predef::`/()

Method`<: bool`<(mixedarg)
Description: Less than test callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::`<()

Method`<<: mixed`<<(zeroarg)
Description: Left side left shift callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``<<(), predef::`<<()

Method`==: bool`==(mixedarg)
Description: Equality test callback.
Note: If this is implemented it might be necessary to implement lfun::__hash too. Otherwise mappings might hold several objects as indices which are duplicates according to this function. Various other functions that use hashing also might not work correctly, e.g. predef::Array.uniq.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::`==(), lfun::__hash

Method`>: bool`>(mixedarg)
Description: Greater than test callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::`>()

Method`>>: mixed`>>(zeroarg)
Description: Left side right shift callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``>>(), predef::`>>()

Method`[..]: mixed`[..](zerolow, intlow_bound_type, zerohigh, inthigh_bound_type)
Description: Subrange callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::`[..]

Method`[]

mixed`[](zeroarg1, zero|voidarg2)

Description

Indexing callback.

For compatibility, this is also called to do subranges unless there is a `[..] in the class. See predef::`[..] for details.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

predef::`[](), predef::`[..]

Method`[]=: mixed`[]=(zeroarg1, zeroarg2)
Description: Index assignment callback.
See also: predef::`[]=(), lfun::`->=()

Method`^: mixed`^(zero ... args)
Description: Left side exclusive or callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``^(), predef::`^()

Method``%: mixed``%(zero ... args)
Description: Right side modulo callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`%(), predef::`%()

Method``&: mixed``&(zero ... args)
Description: Right side bitwise and/intersection callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`&(), predef::`&()

Method``*: mixed``*(zero ... args)
Description: Right side multiplication/repetition/implosion callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`*(), predef::`*()

Method``+

mixed``+(zeroarg, zero ... rest)

Description

Right side addition/concatenation callback.

This is used by predef::`+. It's called with any arguments that precede this object in the argument list of the call to predef::`+. The returned value should be a new instance that represents the addition/concatenation between the arguments in the order they are given and this object.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

lfun::`+(), predef::`+()

Method``-

mixed``-(zeroarg)

Description

Right side subtraction/set difference callback.

This is used by predef::`-. The result should be a new instance that represents the difference between arg and this object.

Note

It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

See also

lfun::`-(), predef::`-()

Method``/: mixed``/(zero ... args)
Description: Right side division/split callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`/(), predef::`/()

Method``<<: mixed``<<(zeroarg)
Description: Right side left shift callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`<<(), predef::`<<()

Method``>>: mixed``>>(zeroarg)
Description: Right side right shift callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`>>(), predef::`>>()

Method``^: mixed``^(zero ... args)
Description: Right side exclusive or callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`^(), predef::`^()

Method``|: mixed``|(zero ... args)
Description: Right side bitwise or/union callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::`|(), predef::`|()

Method`|: mixed`|(zero ... args)
Description: Left side bitwise or/union callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: lfun::``|(), predef::`|()

Method`~: mixed`~()
Description: Complement/inversion callback.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.
See also: predef::`~()

Methodcast: mixedcast(stringrequested_type)
Description: Value cast callback.
Parameter requested_type: Type to cast to.
Returns: Expected to return the object value-casted (converted) to the type described by requested_type.
Note: The argument is currently a string with the name of the type, but might in the future be a value of the type type.
Note: Currently casting between object types is a noop.
Note: If the returned value is not deemed to be of the requested type a runtime error may be thrown.
Note: It's assumed that this function is side-effect free.

Methodcreate

void lfun:create(zero ... args)

Description

Object creation callback.

This function is called right after lfun::__INIT().

args are the arguments passed when the program was called.

Note

In Pike 7.2 and later this function can be created implicitly by the compiler using the new syntax:

<span class='type'>class</span> Foo<span class='delim'>(</span><span class='type'>int</span> foo<span class='delim'>)</span> <span class='delim'>{</span>
  <span class='type'>int</span> bar<span class='delim'>;</span>
<span class='delim'>}</span>

In the above case an implicit lfun::create() is created, and it's equivalent to:

<span class='type'>class</span> Foo <span class='delim'>{</span>
  <span class='type'>int</span> foo<span class='delim'>;</span>
  <span class='type'>int</span> bar<span class='delim'>;</span>
  <span class='mod'>protected</span> <span class='type'>void</span> create<span class='delim'>(</span><span class='type'>int</span> foo<span class='delim'>)</span>
  <span class='delim'>{</span>
    <span class='mod'>local</span>::foo <span class='delim'>=</span> foo<span class='delim'>;</span>
  <span class='delim'>}</span>
<span class='delim'>}</span>

See also

lfun::__INIT(), lfun::destroy()

Methoddestroy

voiddestroy(void|intreason)

Description

Object destruction callback.

This function is called right before the object is destructed. That can happen either through a call to predef::destruct(), when there are no more references to the object, or when the garbage collector discovers that it's part of a cyclic data structure that has become garbage.

Parameter reason

A flag that tells why the object is destructed:

`Object.DESTRUCT_EXPLICIT`	Destructed explicitly by `predef::destruct`.
`Object.DESTRUCT_NO_REFS`	Destructed due to running out of references.
`Object.DESTRUCT_GC`	Destructed by the garbage collector.
`Object.DESTRUCT_CLEANUP`	Destructed as part of the cleanup when the pike process exits. Occurs only if Pike has been compiled with the configure option `--with-cleanup-on-exit`. See note below.

Note

Objects are normally not destructed when a process exits, so destroy functions aren't called then. Use atexit to get called when the process exits.

Note

Regarding destruction order during garbage collection:

If an object is destructed by the garbage collector, it's part of a reference cycle with other things but with no external references. If there are other objects with destroy functions in the same cycle, it becomes a problem which to call first.

E.g. if this object has a variable with another object which (directly or indirectly) points back to this one, you might find that the other object already has been destructed and the variable thus contains zero.

The garbage collector tries to minimize such problems by defining an order as far as possible:

If an object A contains an lfun::destroy and an object B does not, then A is destructed before B.
If A references B single way, then A is destructed before B.
If A and B are in a cycle, and there is a reference somewhere from B to A that is weaker than any reference from A to B, then A is destructed before B.
If a cycle is resolved according to the rule above by ignoring a weaker reference, and there is another ambiguous cycle that would get resolved by ignoring the same reference, then the latter cycle will be resolved by ignoring that reference.
Weak references (e.g. set with predef::set_weak_flag()) are considered weaker than normal references, and both are considered weaker than strong references.
Strong references are those from objects to the objects of their lexically surrounding classes. There can never be a cycle consisting only of strong references. (This means the gc never destructs a parent object before all children have been destructed.)

An example with well defined destruct order due to strong references:

<span class='type'>class</span> Super <span class='delim'>{</span>
  <span class='type'>class</span> Sub <span class='delim'>{</span>
    <span class='mod'>protected</span> <span class='type'>void</span> destroy<span class='delim'>(</span><span class='delim'>)</span> <span class='delim'>{</span>
      <span class='lang'>if</span> <span class='delim'>(</span><span class='delim'>!</span>Super::<span class='const'>this</span><span class='delim'>)</span>
        error <span class='delim'>(</span><span class='string'>"My parent has been destructed!\n"</span><span class='delim'>)</span><span class='delim'>;</span>
    <span class='delim'>}</span>
  <span class='delim'>}</span>
  Sub sub <span class='delim'>=</span> Sub<span class='delim'>(</span><span class='delim'>)</span><span class='delim'>;</span>
  <span class='mod'>protected</span> <span class='type'>void</span> destroy<span class='delim'>(</span><span class='delim'>)</span> <span class='delim'>{</span>
    <span class='lang'>if</span> <span class='delim'>(</span><span class='delim'>!</span>sub<span class='delim'>)</span>
      werror <span class='delim'>(</span><span class='string'>"sub already destructed.\n"</span><span class='delim'>)</span><span class='delim'>;</span>
  <span class='delim'>}</span>
<span class='delim'>}</span>

The garbage collector ensures that these objects are destructed in an order so that werror in Super is called and not error in Sub.

Note

When the garbage collector calls lfun::destroy, all accessible non-objects and objects without destroy functions are still intact. They are not freed if the destroy function adds external references to them. However, all objects with lfun::destroy in the cycle are already scheduled for destruction and will therefore be destroyed even if external references are added to them.

Note

The garbage collector had completely random destruct order in versions prior to 7.2.

See also

lfun::create(), predef::destruct()

Variablesymbol: mixed lfun::symbol

Namespace ::

Description

Symbols implicitly inherited from the virtual base class.

These symbols exist mainly to simplify implementation of the corresponding lfuns.

See also

lfun::

Method_indices

mixed_indices(object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Parameter context

Context in the current object to start the list from. If UNDEFINED or left out, this_program::this will be used (ie start at the current context and ignore any overloaded symbols).

Parameter access

Access permission override. One of the following:

`0`	See only public symbols.
`UNDEFINED`	See only public symbols.
`1`	See protected symbols as well.

Builtin function to list the identifiers of an object. This is useful when lfun::_indices has been overloaded.

See also

::_values(), ::_types(), ::`->()

Method_types

mixed_types(object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Parameter context

Context in the current object to start the list from. If UNDEFINED or left out, this_program::this will be used (ie start at the current context and ignore any overloaded symbols).

Parameter access

Access permission override. One of the following:

`0`	See only public symbols.
`UNDEFINED`	See only public symbols.
`1`	See protected symbols as well.

Builtin function to list the types of the identifiers of an object. This is useful when lfun::_types has been overloaded.

See also

::_indices(), ::_values(), ::`->()

Method_values

mixed_values(object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Parameter context

Context in the current object to start the list from. If UNDEFINED or left out, this_program::this will be used (ie start at the current context and ignore any overloaded symbols).

Parameter access

Access permission override. One of the following:

`0`	See only public symbols.
`UNDEFINED`	See only public symbols.
`1`	See protected symbols as well.

Builtin function to list the values of the identifiers of an object. This is useful when lfun::_values has been overloaded.

See also

::_indices(), ::_types(), ::`->()

Method`->

mixed`->(stringindex, object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Description

Builtin arrow operator.

Parameter index

Symbol in context to access.

Parameter context

Context in the current object to start the search from. If UNDEFINED or left out, this_program::this will be used (ie start at the current context and ignore any overloaded symbols).

Parameter access

Access permission override. One of the following:

`0`	See only public symbols.
`UNDEFINED`	See only public symbols.
`1`	See protected symbols as well.

This function indexes the current object with the string index. This is useful when the arrow operator has been overloaded.

See also

::`->=()

Method`->=

void`->=(stringindex, mixedvalue, object|voidcontext, int|voidaccess)

Description

Builtin arrow set operator.

Parameter index

Symbol in context to change the value of.

Parameter value

The new value.

Parameter context

Context in the current object to start the search from. If UNDEFINED or left out, this_program::this will be used (ie start at the current context and ignore any overloaded symbols).

Parameter access

Access permission override. One of the following:

`0`	See only public symbols.
`UNDEFINED`	See only public symbols.
`1`	See protected symbols as well.

This function indexes the current object with the string index, and sets it to value. This is useful when the arrow set operator has been overloaded.

See also

::`->()

8. LFUN

Namespace lfun::

Namespace ::