Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Torture Test Messages for

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

Status of This Memo

This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

This document provides examples of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) test messages designed to exercise and "torture" the code of an IPv6-enabled SIP implementation.

Table of Contents

   1. Overview ........................................................2
   2. Document conventions ............................................2
   3. SIP and IPv6 Network Configuration ..............................4
   4. Parser Torture Tests ............................................4
      4.1. Valid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference ...................5
      4.2. Invalid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference .................5
      4.3. Port Ambiguous in a SIP URI ................................6
      4.4. Port Unambiguous in a SIP URI ..............................7
      4.5. IPv6 Reference Delimiters in Via Header ....................7
      4.6. SIP Request with IPv6 Addresses in
           Session Description Protocol (SDP) Body.....................9
      4.7. Multiple IP Addresses in SIP Headers .......................9
      4.8. Multiple IP Addresses in SDP ..............................10
      4.9. IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses ................................11
      4.10. IPv6 Reference Bug in RFC 3261 ABNF ......................11
   5. Security Considerations ........................................13
   6. Acknowledgments ................................................13
   7. References .....................................................13
      7.1. Normative References ......................................13
      7.2. Informative References ....................................14
   Appendix A.  Bit-Exact Archive of Each Test Message ...............15
      A.1.  Encoded Reference Messages ...............................16

1. Overview

This document is informational, and is *not normative* on any aspect of SIP.

This document contains test messages based on the current version (2.0) of the Session Initiation Protocol as defined in [RFC3261].

This document is expected to be used as a companion document to the more general SIP torture test document [RFC4475], which does not include specific tests for IPv6 network identifiers.

This document does not attempt to catalog every way to make an invalid message, nor does it attempt to be comprehensive in exploring unusual, but valid, messages. Instead, it tries to focus on areas that may cause interoperability problems in IPv6 deployments.

2. Document Conventions

This document contains many examples of SIP messages with IPv6 network identifiers. The appendix contains an encoded binary form containing the bit-exact representation of all the messages and the script needed to decode them into separate files.

The IPv6 addresses used in this document correspond to the 2001: DB8::/32 address prefix reserved for documentation [RFC3489]. Likewise, the IPv4 addresses used in this document correspond to the 192.0.2.0/24 address block as described in [RFC3330].

Although SIP is a text-based protocol, some of these examples cannot be unambiguously rendered without additional markup due to the constraints placed on the formatting of RFCs. This document uses the <allOneLine/> markup convention established in [RFC4475] to avoid ambiguity and meet the Internet-Draft layout requirements. For the sake of completeness, the text defining this markup from Section 2.1 of [RFC4475] is reproduced in its entirety below:

Several of these examples contain unfolded lines longer than 72 characters. These are captured between <allOneLine/> tags. The single unfolded line is reconstructed by directly concatenating all lines appearing between the tags (discarding any line feeds or carriage returns). There will be no whitespace at the end of lines. Any whitespace appearing at a fold-point will appear at the beginning of a line.

The following represent the same string of bits:

      Header-name: first value, reallylongsecondvalue, third value
      
         <allOneLine>
         Header-name: first value,
          reallylongsecondvalue
         , third value
         </allOneLine>
      
         <allOneLine>
         Header-name: first value,
          reallylong
         second
         value,
          third value
         </allOneLine>

Note that this is NOT SIP header-line folding, where different strings of bits have equivalent meaning.

3. SIP and IPv6 Network Configuration

System-level issues like deploying a dual-stack proxy server, populating DNS with A and AAAA Resource Records (RRs), zero- configuration discovery of outbound proxies for IPv4 and IPv6 networks, when a dual-stack proxy should Record-Route itself, and media issues also play a major part in the transition to IPv6. This document does not, however, address these issues. Instead, a companion document [sip-trans] provides more guidance on these issues.

4. Parser Torture Tests

The test messages are organized into several sections. Some stress only the SIP parser and others stress both the parser and the application above it. Some messages are valid and some are not. Each example clearly calls out what makes any invalid messages incorrect.

Please refer to the complete Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) in [RFC3261] on representing IPv6 references in SIP messages. IPv6 references are delimited by a "[" and "]". When an IPv6 reference is part of a SIP Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), RFC 3261 mandates that the "IPv6reference" production rule be used to recognize tokens that comprise an IPv6 reference. More specifically, the ABNF states the following:

     SIP-URI        =  "sip:" [ userinfo ] hostport
                       uri-parameters [ headers ]
     hostport       =  host [ ":" port ]
     host           =  hostname / IPv4address / IPv6reference
     IPv4address    =  1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT
     IPv6reference  =  "[" IPv6address "]"
     IPv6address    =  hexpart [ ":" IPv4address ]
     hexpart        =  hexseq / hexseq "::" [ hexseq ] / "::" [ hexseq ]
     hexseq         =  hex4 *( ":" hex4)
     hex4           =  1*4HEXDIG

4.1. Valid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference

The request below is well-formatted according to the grammar in [RFC3261]. An IPv6 reference appears in the Request-URI (R-URI), Via header field, and Contact header field.

   Message Details: ipv6-good
   
      REGISTER sip:[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@example.com
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Max-Forwards: 70
      Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
      CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
      Content-Length: 0

4.2. Invalid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference

The request below is not well-formatted according to the grammar in [RFC3261]. The IPv6 reference in the R-URI does not contain the mandated delimiters for an IPv6 reference ("[" and "]").

A SIP implementation receiving this request should respond with a 400 Bad Request error.

   Message Details: ipv6-bad
   
      REGISTER sip:2001:db8::10 SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@example.com
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Max-Forwards: 70
      Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
      CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
      Content-Length: 0

4.3. Port Ambiguous in a SIP URI

IPv6 uses the colon to delimit octets. This may lead to ambiguity if the port number on which to contact a SIP server is inadvertently conflated with the IPv6 reference. Consider the REGISTER request below. The sender of the request intended to specify a port number (5070) to contact a server, but inadvertently, inserted the port number inside the closing "]" of the IPv6 reference. Unfortunately, since the IPv6 address in the R-URI is compressed, the intended port number becomes the last octet of the reference.

From a parsing perspective, the request below is well-formed. However, from a semantic point of view, it will not yield the desired result. Implementations must ensure that when a raw IPv6 address appears in a SIP URI, then a port number, if required, appears outside the closing "]" delimiting the IPv6 reference. Raw IPv6 addresses can occur in many header fields, including the Contact, Route, and Record-Route header fields. They also can appear as the result of the "sent-by" production rule of the Via header field. Implementers are urged to consult the ABNF in [RFC3261] for a complete list of fields where a SIP URI can appear.

   Message Details: port-ambiguous
   
      REGISTER sip:[2001:db8::10:5070] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@example.com
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
      Max-Forwards: 70
      CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
      Content-Length: 0

4.4. Port Unambiguous in a SIP URI

In contrast to the example in Section 4.3, the following REGISTER request leaves no ambiguity whatsoever on where the IPv6 address ends and the port number begins. This REGISTER request is well formatted per the grammar in [RFC3261].

   Message Details: port-unambiguous
   
      REGISTER sip:[2001:db8::10]:5070 SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@example.com
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
      Max-Forwards: 70
      CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
      Content-Length: 0

4.5. IPv6 Reference Delimiters in Via Header

IPv6 references can also appear in Via header fields; more specifically in the "sent-by" production rule and the "via-received" production rule. In the "sent-by" production rule, the sequence of octets comprising the IPv6 address is defined to appear as an "IPv6reference" non-terminal, thereby mandating the "[" and "]" delimiters. However, this is not the case for the "via-received" non-terminal. The "via-received" production rule is defined as follows:

      via-received = "received" EQUAL (IPv4address / IPv6address)

The "IPv6address" non-terminal is defined not to include the delimiting "[" and "]". This has led to the situation documented during the 18th SIP Interoperability Event [Email-SIPit]:

Those testing IPv6 made different assumptions about enclosing literal v6 addresses in Vias in []. By the end of the event, most implementations were accepting either. Its about 50/50 on what gets sent.

While it would be beneficial if the same non-terminal ("IPv6reference") was used for both the "sent-by" and "via-received" production rules, there has not been a consensus in the working group to that effect. Thus, the best that can be suggested is that implementations must follow the Robustness Principle [RFC1122] and be liberal in accepting a "received" parameter with or without the delimiting "[" and "]" tokens. When sending a request, implementations must not put the delimiting "[" and "]" tokens.

The two test cases below are designed to stress this behavior. A SIP implementation receiving either of these messages must parse them successfully.

The request below contains an IPv6 address in the Via "received" parameter. The IPv6 address is delimited by "[" and "]". Even though this is not a valid request based on a strict interpretation of the grammar in [RFC3261], robust implementations must nonetheless be able to parse the topmost Via header field and continue processing the request.

   Message Details: via-received-param-with-delim
   
      BYE sip:[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@example.com;tag=bd76ya
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      <allOneLine>
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];received=[2001:db8::9:255];
      branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      </allOneLine>
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Max-Forwards: 70
      CSeq: 321 BYE
      Content-Length: 0

The OPTIONS request below contains an IPv6 address in the Via "received" parameter without the adorning "[" and "]". This request is valid according to the grammar in [RFC3261].

   Message Details: via-received-param-no-delim
   
      OPTIONS sip:[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@example.com
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      <allOneLine>
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];received=2001:db8::9:255;
      branch=z9hG4bKas3
      </allOneLine>
      Call-ID: SSG95523997077@hlau_4100
      Max-Forwards: 70
      Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::9:1]>
      CSeq: 921 OPTIONS
      Content-Length: 0

4.6. SIP Request with IPv6 Addresses in Session Description Protocol

(SDP) Body

This request below is valid and well-formed according to the grammar in [RFC3261]. Note that the IPv6 addresses in the SDP [RFC4566] body do not have the delimiting "[" and "]".

   Message Details: ipv6-in-sdp
   
      INVITE sip:user@[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@[2001:db8::10]
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::20];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::20]>
      CSeq: 8612 INVITE
      Max-Forwards: 70
      Content-Type: application/sdp
      Content-Length: 268

v=0
o=assistant 971731711378798081 0 IN IP6 2001:db8::20 s=Live video feed for today's meeting
c=IN IP6 2001:db8::20
t=3338481189 3370017201
m=audio 6000 RTP/AVP 2
a=rtpmap:2 G726-32/8000
m=video 6024 RTP/AVP 107
a=rtpmap:107 H263-1998/90000

4.7. Multiple IP Addresses in SIP Headers

The request below is valid and well-formed according to the grammar in [RFC3261]. The Via list contains a mix of IPv4 addresses and IPv6 references.

   Message Details: mult-ip-in-header
   
      BYE sip:user@host.example.net SIP/2.0
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1]:6050;branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.1;branch=z9hG4bKjhja8781hjuaij65144
      <allOneLine>
      Via: SIP/2.0/TCP [2001:db8::9:255];branch=z9hG4bK451jj;
      received=192.0.2.200
      </allOneLine>
      Call-ID: 997077@lau_4100
      Max-Forwards: 70
      CSeq: 89187 BYE
      To: sip:user@example.net;tag=9817--94
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      Content-Length: 0

4.8. Multiple IP Addresses in SDP

The request below is valid and well-formed according to the grammar in [RFC3261]. The SDP contains multiple media lines, and each media line is identified by a different network connection address.

   Message Details: mult-ip-in-sdp
   
      INVITE sip:user@[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@[2001:db8::10]
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::9:1]>
      Max-Forwards: 70
      CSeq: 8912 INVITE
      Content-Type: application/sdp
      Content-Length: 181

v=0
o=bob 280744730 28977631 IN IP4 host.example.com
s=
t=0 0
m=audio 22334 RTP/AVP 0
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
m=video 6024 RTP/AVP 107
c=IN IP6 2001:db8::1
a=rtpmap:107 H263-1998/90000

4.9. IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses

An IPv4-mapped IPv6 address is usually represented with the last 32 bits appearing as a dotted-decimal IPv4 address; e.g., ::ffff: 192.0.2.1. A SIP implementation receiving a message that contains such a mapped address must be prepared to parse it successfully. An IPv4-mapped IPv6 address may appear in signaling, or in the SDP carried by the signaling message, or in both. If a port number is part of the URI represented by the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address, then it must appear outside the delimiting "]" (cf. Section 4.4).

The message below is well-formed according to the grammar in [RFC3261]. The Via list contains two Via headers, both of which include an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. An IPv4-mapped IPv6 address also appears in the Contact header and the SDP. The topmost Via header includes a port number that is appropriately delimited by "]".

   Message Details: ipv4-mapped-ipv6
   
      INVITE sip:user@example.com SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@example.com
      From: sip:user@east.example.com;tag=81x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [::ffff:192.0.2.10]:19823;branch=z9hG4bKbh19
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [::ffff:192.0.2.2];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      Contact: "T. desk phone" <sip:ted@[::ffff:192.0.2.2]>
      CSeq: 612 INVITE
      Max-Forwards: 70
      Content-Type: application/sdp
      Content-Length: 236
   
      v=0
      o=assistant 971731711378798081 0 IN IP6 ::ffff:192.0.2.2
      s=Call me soon, please!
      c=IN IP6 ::ffff:192.0.2.2
      t=3338481189 3370017201
      m=audio 6000 RTP/AVP 2
      a=rtpmap:2 G726-32/8000
      m=video 6024 RTP/AVP 107
      a=rtpmap:107 H263-1998/90000

4.10. IPv6 Reference Bug in RFC 3261 ABNF

It is possible to follow the IPv6reference production rule of RFC 3261 ABNF -- the relevant portion of which is reproduced at the top of Section 4 -- and arrive at the following construct:

   [2001:db8:::192.0.2.1]

Note the extra colon before the IPv4 address in the above construct. The correct construct, of course, is:

   [2001:db8::192.0.2.1]

The ABNF pertaining to IPv6 references in RFC 3261 was derived from RFC 2373 [RFC2373], which has been obsoleted by RFC 4291 [RFC4291]. The specific behavior of inserting an extra colon was inherited from RFC 2373, and has been remedied in RFC 4291. However, following the Robustness Principle [RFC1122], an implementation must tolerate both of the above constructs.

The message below includes an extra colon in the IPv6 reference. A SIP implementation receiving such a message may exhibit robustness by successfully parsing the IPv6 reference (it can choose to ignore the extra colon when parsing the IPv6 reference. If the SIP implementation is acting in the role of a proxy, it may additionally serialize the message without the extra colon to aid the next downstream server).

   Message Details: ipv6-bug-abnf-3-colons
   
      OPTIONS sip:user@[2001:db8:::192.0.2.1] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@[2001:db8:::192.0.2.1]
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=810x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP lab1.east.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: G9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      CSeq: 689 OPTIONS
      Max-Forwards: 70
      Content-Length: 0

The next message has the correct syntax for the IPv6 reference in the R-URI.

   Message Details: ipv6-correct-abnf-2-colons
   
      OPTIONS sip:user@[2001:db8::192.0.2.1] SIP/2.0
      To: sip:user@[2001:db8::192.0.2.1]
      From: sip:user@example.com;tag=810x2
      Via: SIP/2.0/UDP lab1.east.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
      Call-ID: G9559905523997077@hlau_4100
      CSeq: 689 OPTIONS
      Max-Forwards: 70
      Content-Length: 0

5. Security Considerations

This document presents examples of SIP messages with IPv6 references contained in the signaling headers and SDP payload. While this document may clarify the behavior of SIP elements processing a

message with IPv6 references, it does not normatively change the base SIP [RFC3261] specification in any way. Consequently, all security considerations in [RFC3261] apply.

Parsers must carefully consider edge conditions and malicious input as part of their design. Attacks on many Internet systems use crafted input to cause implementations to behave in undesirable ways. Many of the messages in this document are designed to stress a parser implementation at points traditionally used for such attacks. This document does not, however, attempt to be comprehensive. It contains some common pitfalls that the authors have discovered while parsing IPv6 identifiers in SIP implementations.

6. Acknowledgments

The authors thank Jeroen van Bemmel, Dennis Bijwaard, Gonzalo Camarillo, Bob Gilligan, Alan Jeffrey, Larry Kollasch, Erik Nordmark, Kumiko Ono, Pekka Pessi, Jon Peterson, and other members of the SIP- related working groups for input provided during the construction of the document and discussion of the test cases.

This work is being discussed on the sipping@ietf.org mailing list.

A.B. Nataraju and A.C. Mahendran provided working group last call comments.

Mohamed Boucadair and Brian Carpenter suggested new test cases for inclusion in the document.

7. References

7.1. Normative References

   [RFC1122]     Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
                 Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
   
   [RFC3261]     Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G.,
                 Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M.,
                 and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol",
                 RFC 3261, June 2002.
   
   [RFC3330]     IANA, "Special-Use IPv4 Addresses", RFC 3330, September
                 2002.
   
   [RFC3489]     Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C., and R.
                 Mahy, "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram
                 Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators
                 (NATs)", RFC 3489, March 2003.
   
   [RFC4475]     Sparks, R., Ed., Hawrylyshen, A., Johnston, A.,
                 Rosenberg, J., and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation
                 Protocol (SIP) Torture Test Messages", RFC 4475, May
                 2006.
   
   [RFC4566]     Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP:
                 Session Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.

7.2. Informative References

   [RFC2373]     Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
                 Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998.
   
   [RFC4291]     Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
                 Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
   
   [sip-trans]   Camarillo, G., El Malki, K., and V. Gurbani, "IPv6
                 Transition in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
                 Work in Progress, August 2007.
   
   [Email-SIPit] Sparks, R., "preliminary report: SIPit 18", Electronic
                 Mail archived at http://www1.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/
                 sip/current/msg14103.html, April 2006.

Appendix A. Bit-Exact Archive of Each Test Message

The following text block is an encoded, gzip compressed TAR archive of files that represent each of the example messages discussed in Section 4.

To recover the compressed archive file intact, the text of this document may be passed as input to the following Perl script (the output should be redirected to a file or piped to "tar -xzvf -").

   #!/usr/bin/perl
   use strict;
   my $bdata = "";
   use MIME::Base64;
   while(<>) {
     if (/-- BEGIN MESSAGE ARCHIVE --/ .. /-- END MESSAGE ARCHIVE --/) {
          if ( m/^\s*[^\s]+\s*$/) {
              $bdata = $bdata . $_;
          }
     }
   }
   print decode_base64($bdata);

Alternatively, the base-64 encoded block can be edited by hand to remove document structure lines and fed as input to any base-64 decoding utility.

A.1. Encoded Reference Messages

   -- BEGIN MESSAGE ARCHIVE --
   H4sICPujD0cAA21zZy50YXIA7Vpbc6M2GPUzv0Ldl74UWzckIHUnbXY39XS760ncz
   HQ6mY5sFBuvDRSwN+mvrwAb303c2GQ34byAjYSEpHO+i1Rv1E4OCCnkEKorRJyl1+
   R2dk1RQ6oE4RhxRNT/CCHGa8bpu1arTaJYhKrJ6ef+3nJ+PJDhnufzD8ku+LidPB3
   qDTeYUn0sgkA6urpnx28DIggZpbvmHyFOF/NPWTL/FFFcg8fvyiZe+fy3Pt60Ou9A
   5Ab2JJLhubwX42Ak6z1/DK5b7QauQ63j21sLaO9Df7z8SERxfen5WSz6TRPdY+3GF
   fb8dY0/3rbBX7Z9p2AjS/1Tx3UEb9W9iclZNxReb9D81xpc0u5v3QGyimvj27VqIi
   K60hDtQoxGeuutqn19aRmGZUHDwMSyOOT8fDASk7+pWpvahe/Fohfb4E2nDhwZfQb
   BwPfkG/Bj8m2xdM43W/xJu7iW/9iAIQyyQdR+F/f6ez/8IkInsgHP3iu9WO88BNIG
   imIjtydi1/cakRPkTz9Irx8PbIAJ07RpE2p+U0SRq9alFwOLI06UKiLCTW6Z0EQAq
   vZAq83Aep+0qJl8MBhLEPm+9wNQ8yAi+Z3Wa+6qETcJISY1ETItQAhPGIoh0sZNMX
   FcHzC1lsFVp934+aYNsCaaYRworbAxuOSY6QQ3TFVCFZ+6jkyKY5oXV5ReVFA/wK+
   YqWmxLLNhJRzRnnvtV5jpP9O7wjldGwX6DyklSv8Z5AZEmPNE/7FBWKX/JeDq3WXr
   uvPuKlVxrEbedrqmreh6uPo/TvgXbVg2eqJubxXcTMiTN8hwpuC99Mf5Utso12/LV
   GsSzIdhQ5Sh9rJlasb/vu+fTgCK+W8s+I9pyn9OKv+vDKzwf5kg8LZSgFegADP+u5
   6uXNITtVEU/0GO5/zHkKX2X7m8vOJ/CViP/x4jAatlnqwCGB4tfCvgvGppTnrziHE
   bMw+L25Y7pGK2D+5Ugix+upPSAXd+CGLfEQ/fRyqUk7Hr9RcR3ErdKnqr8ETUG+PJ
   KNbdIDEBAymcvSL3/1Dk/6l1l+s/wjDN/xECK/0vAb/8uST+A38pgefJOJf/IifOZ
   tCAO0R8o26e81urMBwMhclNNBhOhDtkBqJ0tXLnYq1hbBjrpoMaaDg8C2VPKlV1mn
   mmKzETc2syMyB7nMjMRFjI5EAN0HYHWI1Pat8S91HXLfooO/jVOZcr/D+RC1jEf85
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   -- END MESSAGE ARCHIVE --

Authors' Addresses

   Vijay K. Gurbani
   Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent
   2701 Lucent Lane
   Rm 9F-546
   Lisle, IL  60532
   USA
   
   Phone: +1 630 224 0216
   EMail: vkg@alcatel-lucent.com
   
   Chris Boulton
   Ubiquity Software Corporation
   Building 3
   West Fawr Lane
   St Mellons
   Cardiff, South Wales  CF3 5EA

EMail:

          cboulton@ubiquitysoftware.com

Robert J. Sparks
Estacado Systems

EMail:

          RjS@estacado.net

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