HEMS VARIABLE DEFINITIONS

STATUS OF THIS MEMO

This memo assigns instruction codes, defines object formats and object semantics for use with the High-Level Monitoring and Control Language, defined in RFC-1023.

This memo is provisional and the definitions are subject to change. Readers should confirm that they have the most recent version of the memo.

The authors assume a working knowledge of the ISO data encoding standard, ASN.1, and a general understanding of the IP protocol suite.

Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

INTRODUCTION

In other memos [RFC-1021, RFC-1022] the authors have described a general system for monitoring and controlling network entities; this system is called the High-Level Entity Management System (HEMS). This system permits applications to read and write values in remote entities which support a simple query processor.

In this memo we standardize the language instruction codes, the objects which can be read or written, and the meanings of any constants stored in the objects. There are three parts to this standardization: (1) the assignment of an ASN.1 tag to each value, (2) the definition of the external representation of the value (e.g., INTEGER, OCTETSTRING, etc.), and (3) the definition of the meaning, or semantics of a value (e.g., what types of packets a particular packet counter actually tracks).

This definition is provisional, and the authors hope that it will be expanded and improved as the community becomes more experienced with HEMS. Readers with suggestions for additional object definitions, or improved definitions are encouraged to contact the authors.

MESSAGE FORMATS

All HEMS values are conveyed between applications and entities using the High-Level Entity Management Protocol (HEMP) specified in RFC- 1022. All values specified in this memo are passed in the data sections of HEMP messages. For all message types, the data section is a SEQUENCE of objects. For requests, these objects are operations and their operands. Replies contain a sequence of objects retrieved by a request. Events contain an initial event object followed by an optional number of objects related to the event.

Messages conforming to this memo should set the link field in the HEMP CommonHeader to 1, to indicate version 1 of HEMS. The resourceId field should be set to NULL.

CONTROL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS

The HEMS Monitoring and Control Language defines a suite of operations which the query processor must be able to perform. These operations and their operands are ASN.1 objects which are passed to the query processor over a network connection. The operations and operands are sent in postfix form (the operation follows the operands). Operands are pushed onto a stack and are processed when the operation is encountered.

To ensure that operations are easily recognized in the input stream, they are all encoded in a single application-specific type. This type is shown below.

               Operation ::= [APPLICATION 1] IMPLICIT INTEGER {
               
                       reserved(0), get(1) begin(2), end(3),
                       get-match(4), get-attributes(5),
                       get-attributes-match(6), get-range(7),
                       set(8), set-match(9)
                   }

When the query processor encounters an Operation object it consults the value to determine which operation is to be done (e.g., GET).

GENERAL COMMENTS ON OBJECTS STORED IN ENTITIES

The High-Level Monitoring and Control Language requires the object space to have a tree-shaped type space. Locating a particular object requires identifying that section of the tree in which the object resides. (A more detailed explanation of the scheme is given in RFC-1023).

This memo defines a universal type space. A subset of this type space is expected to be an appropriate type space for any entity (e.g., a gateway or a multi-user host). The type space is divided into required and optional portions. Implementors should implement the required portion of the type space plus that part of the optional type space which is appropriate for their particular entity.

One problem with defining a universal type space is that certain interesting objects are not universal, but are instead very machine specific (for example, status registers on specialized hardware). To allow implementors to retrieve such implementation-specific objects using the HEMS system, a special APPLICATION type is reserved for non-standard values.

Putting objects in ASN.1 form implies an ability to map to and from ASN.1 format. One of the design goals of this system has been to minimize the amount of ASN.1 compilation required by the query processor to reduce the expense of processing queries at entities. (This implies a certain willingness to force the applications querying entities to be more powerful). We expect that most of the complex mapping will be done when objects are read; most writable objects have a simple format (e.g., an INTEGER, or OCTETSTRING). As a result, we have made a heavy use of the ASN.1 SET type, which allows values to be presented in any order. Applications which require particular fields in an object may use the template structure to specify particular fields to be retrieved, but this still permits the query processor to return the fields in whatever order is convenient.

In addition to ease the problems of ASN.1 compilation, query processors are not required to reduce an INTEGER to the minimum number of octets as specified in ASN.1. Applications should be prepared to receive INTEGERs which have leading octets with all zeros or ones.

More generally, a design goal of HEMS was to try to limit the data processing done at the entity, and to place the burden of data reduction on the querying application. As a result, the objects presented here are typically counters, or values which the entity has to compute already. Object definitions which require the entity to do data reduction are not supported, although consideration might be given to making them optionally available.

Finally, HEMS is required to support access by multiple network management centers or applications. This constraint has some important consequences. First, the SET operation cannot be applied to any Counter, since changing the value of a Counter may impair data acquisition by other centers. More generally, there are questions about competing or clashing SET requests from management centers. Currently HEMS does not provide any facilities for protecting against such requests. If such facilities become necessary, the authors envision the enhancement of the object definitions to incorporate the idea of "owned" objects.

READING THE OBJECT DEFINITIONS

Most of the rest of this memo is devoted to ennumerating the objects managed by the query processor. Many of these objects are dictionaries, objects which reference other objects. Defining dictionaries requires that we specify the class of objects they reference.

Most significant objects, such as packet counts, reside at the leaves of the object data tree. They need to be carefully defined to ensure that their meaning is consistent across all HEMS implementations. These values are defined using the following format:

   OBJECT:  This is the name of the object.
   
   Type:  This is the ASN.1 type of the object.
   
   Definition:  The meaning of the data the object contains.
           Implementations should ensure that their instance of
           the object fulfills this definition since an important
           feature of HEMS is that objects have consistent meaning
           across all machines.  It is better not to implement
           an object than to abuse its definition.
   
   Notes:  An optional section of the definition which is used
           to discuss issues not covered in other sections of
           this specification.
   
   Object Status:  An optional section of the definition which
           is used to indicate whether the object is required of all
           HEMS implementations, encouraged of HEMS implementations
           or simply considered useful.  Currently, there are four
           levels of status:
   
               Required:  The object is felt to provide critical
               information and must be included in a fully
               conforming HEMS implementation.

Required On Condition: The object is felt to

provide critical information about an optional

feature of an IP entity (for example, support of the Transmission Control Protocol). The object is required if the feature is implemented in the entity.

Encouraged: The object is felt to provide very

useful management information and implementors

are encouraged to implement it.

               Defined:  The object may be useful and has been
               defined so that all implementations of the object
               are consistent.

If the object status is not specified, the object should be considered required. If the parent dictionary is optional, then the object should be considered required if the parent dictionary is supported.

   Operations on Object:  The definition of how each monitoring
   
           and control operation acts on the object.  Many operations
           have the same effect on almost all values, so some
           default definitions are presented here.  In the absence
           of an operation specification, implementors should use
           the default operations defined here.

BEGIN: The default is for BEGIN to be defined for

dictionaries, and an error if performed on leaf

objects in the tree.

CREATE: The default is that CREATE is undefined.

DELETE: The default is that DELETE is undefined.

           END:  END is a stack operation and is defined for all objects.
               Note that END may fail if there is no object on the
               stack.
           
           GET-ATTRIBUTES:  The default is that GET-ATTRIBUTES is
               defined on the contents of all dictionaries specified
               in this memo.  The text description attributes
               are optional for values defined in this memo, but
               are required for implementation-specific objects.
               Any descriptions of object listed in this memo should
               cite this memo.  GET-ATTRIBUTES must be supported on
               all entity-specific values.  GET-ATTRIBUTES
               returns a Attributes object, which is defined in
               the well-known types section below.
           
           GET-ATTRIBUTES-MATCH:  The default is that
               GET-ATTRIBUTES-MATCH is optionally defined on any
               object which supports GET-MATCH, and is an error
               otherwise.  The rules for attributes returned by
               GET-ATTRIBUTES-MATCH are the same as those for
               GET-ATTRIBUTES.
           
           GET:  The default definition of GET is to emit the operand
               specified is a leaf object, and if the operand is a
               dictionary, to recursively GET the entire dictionary and
               its subdictionaries.
           
           GET-MATCH:  Unless otherwise specified, GET-MATCH is not
               supported on an object.
           
           GET-RANGE:  Unless otherwise specified, GET-RANGE is not
               supported on an object.
           
           SET:  Unless otherwise specified, SET is not supported on an
               object.
           
           SET-MATCH:  Unless otherwise specified, SET-MATCH is not
               supported on an object.

ATTRIBUTES

HEMS requires that remote applications be able to discover the meaning of an object by querying the entity in which the object is stored. This is done through use of the GET-ATTRIBUTES operator, which causes an Attributes object to be returned to the application. The Attributes object is described below.

           Attributes ::= [APPLICATION 2] IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
               tagASN1       [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
               valueFormat   [1] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
               longDesc      [2] IMPLICIT IA5String OPTIONAL,
               shortDesc     [3] IMPLICIT IA5String OPTIONAL,
               unitsDesc     [4] IMPLICIT IA5String OPTIONAL,
               precision     [5] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
               properties    [6] IMPLICIT BITSTRING OPTIONAL,
           }

The meanings of the various attributes are given below.

           tagASN1:  The ASN.1 tag for this object.
               This attribute is required.
           
           valueFormat:  The underlying ASN.1 type of the object
               (e.g., SEQUENCE, or OCTETSTRING).  This attribute
               is required.
           
           longDesc:  A potentially lengthy text description which
               fully defines the object.  This attribute is optional
               for objects defined in this memo and required for
               entity-specific objects.
           
           shortDesc:  A short mnemonic string of less than 15 octets
               which is suitable for labelling the value on a display.
               This attribute is optional.
           
           unitsDesc:  A short string used for integer values to
               indicate the units in which the value is measured
               (e.g. "ms", "sec", "packets", etc).  This attribute
               is optional.
           
           precision:  For Counter objects, the value at which the
               Counter will roll-over.  Required for all Counter
               objects.
           
           properties:  A bitstring of boolean properties of the
               object.  If the bit is on, it has the given property.
               This attribute is optional.  The bits currently
               defined are:

0 -- If true, the difference between two values

of this object is significant. For example, the changes in a packet count is always significant, it always conveys information. In this case, the 0 bit would be set. On the other hand, the difference between two readings of a queue length may be meaningless.

IMPLEMENTATION SPECIFIC TYPES

Each vendor or implementation specific value must be contained within an VendorSpecific object. The format of the VendorSpecific object is shown below.

   Type:  VendorSpecific

VendorSpecific ::= [APPLICATION 3] IMPLICIT SET of ANY

For a detailed discussion of the need for this type, see RFC 1023.

WELL-KNOWN TYPES

There are some generally useful types which are defined across the system and are considered well-known. These types support abstract notions that are frequently used in other definitions.

TYPE:

         Error
         
           Error ::= [APPLICATION 0] IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
               errorCode INTEGER,
               errorOffset INTEGER
               errorDescription IA5String,
           }

The Error type is returned within reply messages when an error is countered. The errorCode is a number specifying a general class of error. The errorOffset is the octet in the query where the error was discovered. Note that the query starts at the first octet (octet 0) of the HEMP data section. The errorDescription is a text message explaining the error. Note that the definition of this section is the same (except for the start of the offset) as that of the HEMP protocol error structure and the error codes have been selected to keep the code spaces distinct. This is intended to ease the processing of error messages. The defined errorCodes are:

100. -- Any error not listed below.

101. -- System error. The query processor has failed in some way.

102. -- Format error. An error has been detected in the input stream.

103. -- Stack error. A stack overflow or underflow has occurred.

104. -- Instruction error. The instruction is either unknown, or not supported on the object to which it has been applied.

105. -- Operand error. The wrong number of operands or inappropriate operands have been given to an instruction.

   TYPE:  Counter
   
       Counter ::= [APPLICATION 4] IMPLICIT INTEGER

The Counter type is an unsigned integer which is defined to roll-over to 0 when incremented past a certain value. (The roll-over point may be found by examining the attributes for the particular counter.) Counter sizes should be chosen such that the counters will not roll over more than once every 24 hours.

   TYPE:  InstructionGroup
   
       InstructionGroup ::= [APPLICATION 5] IMPLICIT SEQUENCE
           of ANY

An InstructionGroup is an encapsulated sequence of operands and operations. It allows applications to encode queries as objects.

   TYPE:  Histogram
   
       Histogram ::= SET of HistEntry
   
       HistEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
           histValue INTEGER,
           histCount Counter
       }

A Histogram associates a count, histCount, with a numeric value, histValue. No meaning is placed on the count or value by this definition. Each HistEntry may represent a simple map (e.g., histCount instances of histValue), or a more complex relationship (e.g., a count of all values between this histValue and the next lowest histValue in the Histogram). The meaning of the particular Histogram is given in the object definition.

TYPE:

         TrafficMatrix
       
       TrafficMatrix ::= SET of TrafficEntry
       
       TrafficEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
           src IpAddress,
           dst IpAddress,
           count Counter
       }

A TrafficMatrix measures traffic observed between two IP addresses. Typically it is used to count packets flowing through a gateway.

   TYPE:  IpAddress
   
       IpAddress ::= OCTETSTRING

The 4 octet IP address. If the length of the string is less than 4 then the missing octets are wildcarded. A zero length string is a default address (e.g., for indicating default routes).

TYPE:

         Fraction
       
       Fraction ::= INTEGER

A Fraction is an integer representation of a fractional value. It contains the numerator of a value as expressed over 256. (For example dividing the Fraction by 256 gives the fractional value.)

   TYPE:  BootClock
   
       BootClock ::= INTEGER

The time in milliseconds since the machine was last booted or reset. This value is always defined.

   TYPE:  localClock
   
       LocalClock ::= INTEGER

The local system clock, measured in milliseconds since 00:00 1 January 1900 UTC. Assumed to be only a local estimate of the time. The value 0 is reserved for an uninitialized clock (For example, an uninitialized time-of-day chip.)

   TYPE:  NetClock
   
       NetClock ::= INTEGER

A network synchronized clock, which is assumed to be synchronized across some part of a network. The clock value is measured in milliseconds since 00:00 1 January 1900 UTC. Specific information about the synchronization protocol is found in the system variable dictionary. The value 0 is used to indicate an uninitialized clock.

TYPE:

         TimeStamp

TimeStamp ::= CHOICE {

           [0] BootClock
           [1] localClock
           [2] NetClock
       }

A TimeStamp, which was taken from the boot clock, system clock or the synchronized clock. In general, a time of day is preferred to the time since boot, and a synchronized clock is preferred to an unsynchronized clock. It is more useful to know that an event occurred at a particular time, than that it happened so many milliseconds after the machine booted.

OBJECT DEFINITIONS

The Root Dictionary

In HEMS, all data is stored in dictionaries, where a dictionary is thought to represent a conceptual grouping of values. The top-level dictionary is the root dictionary. The form of the root dictionary for is shown below.

           RootDictionary ::= [APPLICATION 32] IMPLICIT SET {
               SystemVariables,
               EventControls OPTIONAL,
               Interfaces,
               IpNetworkLayer,
               IpRoutingTable,
               IpTransportLayer,
               IpApplications OPTIONAL
           }

The root dictionary is split into seven general dictionaries:

- SystemVariables, which stores general system values such as the system clock, machine memory and system up/down status.

- EventControls, which stores all objects necessary to

observe and control the event generating mechanism in

entities which support events.

- interfaces, which contains all information on all

the network interfaces and IP to physical address

maps (ARP tables, X.25 Standard mappings, etc).

- IpNetworkLayer, which contains information about the workings of the IP layer. This includes information such as routing tables, general packet counts, and host-traffic matrices.

- IpRoutingTable, which contains information on how the machine routes packets. It proved more useful to segregate routing information than to keep it stored with the network layer data.

- IpTransportLayer, which stores information on the transport protocols that the entity supports.

- IpApplications, which may store information about various internet applications such as the domain system. This section is not required of HEMS entities.

The next several sections define the values stored in the five dictionaries.

The SystemVariables Dictionary

The SystemVariables dictionary stores objects which are not strictly protocol, network, or application specific. Such objects include values such as the machine load, clocks and the processor status. The form of the dictionary is shown below.

   SystemVariables ::= [APPLICATION 33] IMPLICIT SET {
       referenceClock   [0] IMPLICIT TimeStamp,
       netClockInfo     [1] IMPLICIT SET OPTIONAL,
       processorLoad    [2] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
       entityState      [3] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
       kernelMemory     [4] IMPLICIT OCTETSTRING OPTIONAL,
       pktBuffers       [5] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
       pktOctets        [6] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
       pktBuffersFree   [7] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
       pktOctetsFree    [8] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL
       systemID         [9] IMPLICIT IA5STRING,
   }
   
   OBJECT:  SystemVariables
   
   Type:  SET
   
   Definition:  see above

The objects in the dictionary are defined below.

   OBJECT:  referenceClock
   Type:  TimeStamp
   
   Definition:  The system clock used for placing timestamps on
       information.  Use of a NetClock is encouraged.
   
   Operations on Object:  Defaults.
   
   Notes:  Cross-network clock adjustment is best handled by a proper
           time synchronization protocol, not through the use of SET.
   
   OBJECT:  netClockInfo
   
   Type:  SET
   
   Definition:  Detailed information on the referenceClock if the
       referenceClock is a NetClock.  The format of this
       information is shown below.
   
       netClockInfo ::= [1] IMPLICIT SET {
           estError INTEGER,
           refClockType INTEGER {
               unspecified(0), primary-reference(1),
               ntp-secondary-reference(2), secondary-reference(3),
               wristwatch(4)
             }
        }
   
        The estError is the estimated error in milliseconds.  The
        refClockType is a value indicating the type of reference
        clock consulted for network time  (the values are taken
        directly from the Network Time Protocol specification,
        RFC-958).
   
   Object Status:  Required if the referenceClock is a NetClock.

OBJECT:

           processorLoad
   
   Type:  Fraction
   
   Definition:  A value, expressed as a Fraction, which indicates
           the current processing load on the entity.  A value of
           256 (= 1.0) is defined to be running at capacity.  It
           is recognized that this is an imprecise definition since
           capacity can be measured in several ways.  For example,
           a multiprocessor may still have plenty of capacity
           even if one processor is running at capacity,

or it may be at capacity because that processor is the master processor and handles all context switching. The idea is for remote applications to be able to get some sense of the current workload on the entity. Also note that the time scale of the measurement should be small. A load measure that averages over the past 10 seconds is acceptable but a load measure that averages over the past 10 minutes is not. Implementors should chose some mapping between system load and this scale such that 256 represents a machine under severe strain. (Note that this suggests that values greater than 256 may be returned in rare cases.)

   OBJECT:  entityState
   
   Type:  INTEGER

Definition: An object which indicates the system state. There are

several defined object values. Some values are read-only and can only be read from the object. Over values are write-only and will never be read from the object. Over values are write-only and will never be read from the object.The values are:

The read-only values are:

(0) -- reserved.

(1) -- running. The entity is up and running.

(2) -- testing. The entity is running some sort of

diagnostics which may affect its network operation.

The write-only values are:

(0) -- reserved.

(1) -- reset the entity.

(2) -- reboot the entity. This value is assumed to

cause a more aggressive recycling of the system than reset, though this need not be the case.

                   (3) -- halt the entity.  This value stops the
                       entity.  It assumed to prevent the entity from
                       operating until it is manually restarted.  (I.e.
                       the halt takes the machine off the network).
   
   Note:  The ability to change an entity's state requires very strong
      access controls.
   
   Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
   
       SET:  Optionally writes the value into the object.
             The message requesting the SET must be authenticated.
   
       SET-MATCH:  Optionally writes the value into the object
             if the current value is matched.
   
   OBJECT:  kernelMemory
   
   Type:  OCTETSTRING
   
   Definition:  A sequence of octets which represents the image of the
        kernel software running on the entity.  This facility is
        provided to allow remote network debugging.

By kernel software, we mean that software which controls the operations and access to the hardware. In particular, the kernel is expected to contain all network software up through the IP layer.

Implementations which use lightweight processes or segmented

images should consider providing some way to map their internal

representation into a single contiguous stream of octets.

   Note:  Access control is required to read this object.
   
   Object Status:  Useful.
   
   Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
   
       GET-RANGE:  Emits the section of memory specified.
   
       GET:  Emits all of memory, but note that a GET on the system
           dictionary should *not* emit this object.
   
   OBJECT:  pktBuffers
   
   Type:  INTEGER
   
   Definition:  The total number of packet buffers in the entity.
   
   Object Status:  Required if the entity has a maximum number of
       buffers.  Note that most entities do have a limit (even if it

is for practical purposes, near infinite) and should return that limit.

   OBJECT:  pktOctets
   
   Type:  INTEGER
   
   Definition:  The maximum number of octets that can be buffered in the
       entity at any one time.
   
   Object Status:  Required if the entity has a maximum number of octets
       it can buffer.  Note that most entities do have a limit and
       should return that limit.
   
   OBJECT:  pktBuffersFree
   
   Type:  INTEGER
   
   Definition:  The number of packet buffers currently available.
       Subtracting pktBuffersFree from pktBuffers should give the
       number of buffers in use.
   
   Object Status:  Required if there is a limit on the number of
       buffers.

OBJECT:

           pktOctetsFree

Type:

         INTEGER
   
   Definition:  The number of octets currently available including those
       not used in allocated buffers.  Subtracting this value from
       pktOctets should give the number of octets in use.

This object can be used to track how well the entity buffers its data.

       Object Status:  Required if there is a limit on the number of
       octets that can be buffered.
   
   OBJECT:  systemID
   
   Type:  IA5STRING
   
   Definition:  The text identification of the entity.  This value
       should include the full name of the vendor, the type of system,

and the version number of the hardware and software running on the entity.

The EventControls Dictionary

The EventControls dictionary contains objects to control and monitor the delivery of event messages to operations centers. The format of this dictionary is shown below.

       EventControls ::= [APPLICATION 34] IMPLICIT SET OPTIONAL {
           lastEvent      [0] IMPLICIT OCTETSTRING OPTIONAL,
           eventMessageID [1] IMPLICIT Counter,
           eventCenters   [2] IMPLICIT SET of IpAddress,
           eventList      [3] IMPLICIT SET of eventEntry,
       }

OBJECT:

            eventControls

Type:

          SET

Definition:

See above.

    Object Status:  This object will be required in entities which
        support events, after the event definitions have been
        properly specified.  See discussion of the event formats
        at the end of this memo.

A description of the fields in this dictionary are given below.

    OBJECT:  lastEvent
    
    Type:  OCTETSTRING
    
    Definition:  The last event message sent.

Object Status: Implementation of this object is encouraged if the

transport protocol used for events is unreliable (e.g., UDP).

    OBJECT:  eventMessageID
    
    Type:  Counter
    Definition:  The HEMP MessageId to be used in the next event
        message.  Equals the number of events sent.
    
    OBJECT:  eventCenters
    
    Type:  SET of IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The list of IP addresses to which events are sent.
        This list receives all events.  For more selective event
        monitoring, centers should list themselves under the
        particular events of interest.
    
    Note:  If the SET operator is defined then use of some form of
        access control is recommended.

Operations on Object: The defaults except as listed below.

CREATE: Adds an address to the list. The new address may

not be a broadcast address (it may be a multicast

address).

        DELETE:  Deletes an address from the list.
        
        SET-MATCH:  Defined on the IP address.  Replaces the
            address with a new value.
        
        EMIT-MATCH:  Defined on the IP address.
    
    OBJECT:  eventList

Type:

          SET of eventEntry

Definition: An array of entries which contain objects which allow

management centers to control how and when events are sent. (The contents of the eventEntry structure are explained below.)

The eventControls Dictionary: eventList/eventEntry

The eventEntry provides the necessary control objects to manage how a particular event is sent. The format of the eventEntry is shown below.

            eventEntry ::= [0] IMPLICIT SET {
                eventID        [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                eventMode      [1] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                eventCount     [2] IMPLICIT Counter,
                threshold      [3] IMPLICIT Counter,
            
                thresholdIncr  [4] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                eventExecution [5] IMPLICIT InstructionGroup OPTIONAL,
                eventCenters   [6] IMPLICIT SET of IpAddress
            }
    
    OBJECT:  eventEntry
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See Above.
    
    OBJECT:  eventID
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The particular event ID.
    
    OBJECT:  eventMode
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  A control object which determines how and whether this
        event is sent.  The three modes are:

0. -- unused.

1. -- off. The event is not sent.

2 -- on. The event is sent every time it occurs.

3 -- threshold. The event is sent every time the

event count reaches the threshold.

    OBJECT:  eventCount
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of times this event has occurred.
    
    OBJECT:  threshold
    
    Type:  Counter

Definition: The event threshold. If the eventMode is "threshold"

then a event is sent every time the eventCount equals this value.

    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
    
            SET:  Changes the threshold.
    
    OBJECT:  thresholdIncr
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The threshold increment.  Every time a event threshold
        is reached, the threshold value is incremented by this value
        (modulo the precision of the Counter) to find the new
        threshold.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
    
            SET:  Changes the increment.
    
    OBJECT:  eventExecution
    
    Type:  InstructionGroup
    
    Definition:  A query to be executed whenever the event is actually
        sent.  Any data retrieved by this query is appended to the
        event message.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
    
            SET:  Changes the buffer.
    
    OBJECT:  eventCenters
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  The IP addresses of the monitoring centers which wish
        to listen to this particular event.  Note that events should be
        sent to both these centers and the global list of event centers.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.

CREATE: Adds an address to the list of centers.

            DELETE:  Deletes an address from the list.
            
            SET-MATCH:  Defined on the IP address.  Replaces the
                entry with a new value.
            
            EMIT-MATCH:  Defined on the IP address.

The Interfaces Dictionary

The Interfaces dictionary a list of per-interface objects. Since one of the fundamental goals of HEMS is to use generic interfaces across differing hardwares, all hardware interfaces are described by the same data structure, the InterfaceData.

         Interfaces ::= [APPLICATION 35] IMPLICIT SET OF InterfaceData
    
    OBJECT:  Interfaces
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  see above.

The Interfaces Dictionary: The InterfaceData structure.

The InterfaceData structure contains all information on a particular interface. The form of the structure is shown below.

            InterfaceData ::= [0] IMPLICIT SET {
                addresses         [0] IMPLICIT SET of IpAddress,
                mtu               [1] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                netMask           [2] IMPLICIT IpAddress,
                pktsIn            [3] IMPLICIT Counter,
                pktsOut           [4] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktsDropped  [5] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputPktsDropped [6] IMPLICIT Counter,
                bcastPktsIn       [7] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                bcastPktsOut      [8] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                mcastPktsIn       [9] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                mcastPktsOut     [10] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                inputErrors      [11] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputErrors     [12] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputQLen       [13] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                name             [14] IMPLICIT IA5String,
                status           [15] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                ifType           [16] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                mediaErrors      [17] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
            
                upTime           [18] IMPLICIT TimeStamp,
                broadcast        [19] IMPLICIT BITSTRING
                multicast        [20] IMPLICIT SET of BITSTRING,
                addressList      [21] IMPLICIT SET OPTIONAL,
            }
    
    OBJECT:  InterfaceData
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  see above.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
    
        SET-MATCH:  This operation is optionally defined on the
            address field of the structure.  Only certain fields
            in this structure may be changed.  The fields which
            may be SET are indicated in the descriptions below.
    
        GET-MATCH:  Defined to emit information on the interface
            which matches the address given.

The fields in the structure are defined below.

    OBJECT:  addresses
    
    Type:  SET of IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The IP addresses that the interface accepts.  Note that
        additional information on multicast addresses may be found in
        the IgmpValues dictionary.
    
    OBJECT:  mtu
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The maximum transmission unit of the device.
    
    OBJECT:  netMask
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The subnet mask, which is an address with all the
        network bits set to 1 and all the hosts bits set to 0.  Used to
        identify subnets.
    
    OBJECT:  pktsIn
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of packets received on this interface
        including those in error.
    
    OBJECT:  pktsOut
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of packets that higher levels have
        attempted to send, including those that were not sent.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktsDropped
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of good inbound packets dropped (presumably
        to free up buffer space).
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktsDropped
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of good outbound packets dropped (presumably
        to free up buffer space).
    
    OBJECT:  bcastPktsIn
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of broadcast packets received including
        those in error.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged on interfaces that support broadcast.
    
    OBJECT:  bcastPktsOut
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of broadcast packets that higher levels
        attempted to send, including those that were not sent.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged on interfaces that support broadcast.
    OBJECT:  mcastPktsIn
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of multicast packets received including
        those in error.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged on interfaces that support multicast.
    
    OBJECT:  mcastPktsOut
    
    Type:  Counter

Definition: The number of multicast packets sent, including those

that were not sent.

    Object Status:  Encouraged on interfaces that support multicast.
    
    OBJECT:  inputErrors
    
    Type:  Counter

Definition: The number of inbound packets that could not be

delivered. The number of inbound packets delivered should equal inputPkts less this value and inputPktsDropped.

    OBJECT:  outputErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of outbound packets that could not be
        transmitted because of errors.  The number of outbound
        packets placed on the network should equal outputPkts
        less this value and outputPktsDropped.
    
    OBJECT:  outputQLen
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The length of the output packet queue (in packets).
    
    OBJECT:  name
    
    Type:  IA5String
    Definition:  A text string completely identifying the interface.
        This string should include the name of the manufacturer, the
        product name and the version of the hardware.
    
    OBJECT:  status
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The status of the object.  The status values are:
    
                0 -- reserved
                1 -- testing (the interface is in some test mode)
                2 -- down  (the interface is down)
                3 -- up  (the interface is up ready to pass packets)
    
    Note:  If set operations are defined, access control is required.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
    
       SET:  Optionally defined to change the state of the interface.
    
    OBJECT:  ifType
    
    Type:  INTEGER

Definition: A flag which indicates the type of interface in use. The

currently defined types are:

                     0 -- reserved
                     1 -- 1822 HDH
                     2 -- 1822
                     3 -- FDDI
                     4 -- DDN X.25
                     5 -- RFC-877 X.25
                     6 -- StarLan
                     7 -- Proteon 10Mbit
                     8 -- Proteon 80Mbit
                     9 -- Ethernet
                    10 -- 802.3 Ethernet
                    11 -- 802.4 Token Bus
                    12 -- 802.5 Token Ring
                    13 -- Point-to-Point Serial
    
    OBJECT:  mediaErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    Definition:  A counter of media errors, such as collisions on
        Ethernets, token regeneration on token passing rings, or lost
        RFNMs on PSNs.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged for interfaces to media which have such
        errors.
    
    OBJECT:  upTime
    
    Type:  TimeStamp
    
    Definition:  When the interface was put in its current state.
    
    OBJECT:  broadcast
    
    Type:  BITSTRING
    
    Definition:  Whether this interface has a physical broadcast
        address.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the interface has a broadcast adddress.
    
    OBJECT:  multicast
    
    Type:  SET of BITSTRING

Definition: The set of hardware multicast addresses currently

enabled on the device.

    Object Status:  Encouraged in interfaces which support multicast.
    
    OBJECT:  addressList
    
    Definition:  SET of addressMap
    
         addressMap ::= [0] IMPLICIT SET {
                 ipAddr     [0] IMPLICIT IpAddress
                 physAddr   [1] IMPLICIT BITSTRING
         }
    
    Definition:  Most interfaces maintain tables mapping physical
        network address to IP address.  An example is an ARP table.
        This table stores that map as a series of entries which map

IP addresses to the physical address.

    Object Status:  Required if the interface has to map IP addresses to
        physical addresses.

The IpNetworkLayer Dictionary

The IpNetworkLayer dictionary contains all information about the IP Layer. The format of the dictionary is shown below.

            IpNetworkLayer ::= [APPLICATION 36] IMPLICIT SET {
                gateway           [0] IMPLICIT BOOLEAN,
                inputPkts         [1] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputErrors       [2] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktsDropped  [3] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputQLen         [4] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                outputPkts        [5] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputErrors      [6] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputPktsDropped [7] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputQLen        [8] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                ipID              [9] IMPLICIT Counter,
                fragCreated       [10] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                fragRcvd          [11] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                fragDropped       [12] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                pktsReassembled   [13] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                pktsFragmented    [14] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                htm               [15] IMPLICIT TrafficMatrix OPTIONAL,
                itm               [16] IMPLICIT TrafficMatrix OPTIONAL
            }
    
    OBJECT:  IpNetworkLayer
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.

The fields of the dictionary are defined below.

    OBJECT:  gateway
    
    Type:  BOOLEAN

Definition: A boolean value which is true if the entity gateways

packets.

OBJECT:

            inputPkts

Type:

          Counter

Definition: The total number of input packets received including

those in error.

OBJECT:

            inputErrors

Type:

          Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of input packets discarded due to errors
        (unknown protocols, format errors, etc).
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktsDropped
    
    Type:  Counter

Definition: The number of input packets dropped for lack of buffer

space.

    OBJECT:  inputQLen
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The number of inbound packets currently waiting to be
        processed by the IP layer.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPkts
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of outbound packets including both
        those packets presented to the IP layer by higher layers and
        packets which are gatewayed.
    
    OBJECT:  outputErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of output packets discarded because of

errors (unable to route, format errors, etc).

    OBJECT:  outputPktsDropped

Type:

          Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of output packets dropped for lack of
        buffer space.
    
    OBJECT:  outputQLen
    
    Type:  INTEGER

Definition: The number of outbound packets waiting to be processed

by the IP layer.

    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  ipID
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The next IP packet ID identifier to be used.  Note
        that in some implementations the transport layer may set the
        IP identifier, in which case this value is used if the IP
        identifier has not been set by the transport layer.
    
    OBJECT:  fragCreated
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IP fragments created at this entity.
        (e.g., if an IP is split into three fragments at this entity,
        then this counter is incremented by three).
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  fragRcvd
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IP fragments received at this entity.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    OBJECT:  fragDropped
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IP fragments discarded at this entity
        for whatever reason (timed out, errors, etc).
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  pktsReassembled
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IP datagrams that have been reassembled
        at this entity.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged
    
    OBJECT:  pktsFragmented
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IP datagrams that have been fragmented
        at this entity.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  htm
    
    Type:  TrafficMatrix
    
    Definition:  A host traffic matrix, mapping all traffic switched any
        pair of sources and destinations.  The count in each trafficEntry
        routeDst is expressed in packets.  Source routed IP packets
        should be logged as being between their source and the
        destination (i.e., they should not be treated as destined for
        this entity).
    
    Notes:  This information may be considered sensitive.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged in gateways.
    
    OBJECT:  itm
    Type:  TrafficMatrix

Definition: An interface traffic matrix showing traffic switched

between interfaces in an entity. The source and destinations fields are the IP addresses of the interfaces between which the packet was switched. The count in each trafficEntry is expressed in packets.

Object Status: Useful.

The IpRoutingTable Dictionary

The IpRoutingTable dictionary contains all routing information. Note that information about any routing protocols used to maintain the routing table is found under the entry for the routing protocol. The format of the routing dictionary is shown below.

    IpRoutingTable ::= [APPLICATION 37] IMPLICIT SET {
            routingProtocols [0] IMPLICIT OCTETSTRING,
            coreRouter       [1] IMPLICIT BOOLEAN,
            autoSys          [2] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
            metricUsed       [3] IMPLICIT OCTET,
                             [4] RoutingEntries,
    }
    
    OBJECT:  IpRoutingTable
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.

The objects contained in the dictionary are described below.

    OBJECT:  routingProtocols
    
    Type:  OCTETSTRING

Definition: A sparse list of the routing protocols used to update

the routing table (e.g., EGP and ICMP). Each octet contains one of the following values:

0 -- anything not specified below.

1 -- local (non-protocol) information. (E.g.

routing tables can be changed by hand).

                    2 -- HEMS (was changed/set by a HEMS operation)

3 -- Internet Control Message Protocols, (i.e.

ICMP redirects).

4 -- Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).

5. -- Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP).

6. -- Dissimilar Gateway Protocol (DGP).

7. -- HELO

8. -- RIP

9. -- Proprietary IGP

OBJECT:

            coreRouter
    
    Type:  BOOLEAN
    
    Definition:  This value is set to true if this entity is a reference
        router for any other router (i.e., if it distributes any of its
        routes to other machines).
    
    OBJECT:  autoSys
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The autonomous system number of the autonomous system in
        which this entity resides.
    
    OBJECT:  metricUsed
    
    Type:  OCTET

Definition: Classifies the routing metric used in the routing table

entries. The value should be chosen from the list of values for routingProtocols above, and indicates the metric definition used (e.g., this entity uses an EGP metric internally).

    OBJECT:  RoutingEntries
    
    Type:  SET of RoutingEntry
    Definition:  The set of all routing entries.  The RoutingEntry is
        defined below.

The IpRoutingTable Dictionary: The RoutingEntry

The RoutingEntry contains all information on a particular route. The format of the structure is shown below.

            RoutingEntry ::= [0] IMPLICIT SET {
                routeMetric     [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                routeDst        [1] IMPLICIT IpAddress,
                nextHop         [2] IMPLICIT IpAddress,
                routeAuthor     [3] IMPLICIT IpAddress OPTIONAL,
                routeproto      [4] IMPLICIT Octet OPTIONAL,
                routeTime       [5] TimeStamp,
                routeTOS        [6] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                valid           [7] IMPLICIT BOOLEAN
            }
    
    OBJECT:  RoutingEntry
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.
    
    Operations on Object:  Defaults except as specified below.

CREATE: Adds a new routing entry. It should be confirmed

that the entry is new.

DELETE:

Deletes a routing entry.

        GET-MATCH:  The match operator is defined on the routeDst
            field.  A match on an IpAddress is defined to be a
            search to find the route or routes which would be
            used to reach the IpAddress.  More than one route
            may be applicable, in which case all possible routes
            should be returned.

SET-MATCH: Is optionally defined on the object. A SET

on an entire RoutingEntry replaces the entire entry

with a new value. Certain fields (indicated below)

can also be changed using a SET-MATCH.

The match operator is defined on the routeDst and

routeTOS fields. To SET a value, the match must be

exact on the IP address (this is different from the

search definition for GET-MATCH).

Note that support of the operator on an entity
which uses a dynamic routing protocol such as
GGP or EGP will require close coordination with the routing protocol to ensure consistent data. (Arguably, this facility should not be supported
on such machines).

The definitions of the fields in the RoutingEntry are given below.

    OBJECT:  routeMetric
    
    Type:  INTEGER

Definition: The routing metric on this route. Note that the type of

metric is defined in the metricUsed field of the IpRoutingTable dictionary.

OBJECT:

            routeDst

Type:

          IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The final destination that can be reached via this
        route.
    
    OBJECT:  nextHop
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The next hop to the final destination.
    
    OBJECT:  routeAuthor
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The IP address of the entity from which this route was
        *first* received.  That is, the first entity which stated that
        was reached via nextHop.  The default IpAddress should be used
        to indicate routes which originated on the entity.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  routeProto
    Type:  Octet
    
    Definition:  The routing protocol from which this route was learned.
        The value is taken from the list of values for routingProtocols
        above.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.

OBJECT:

            routeTime
    
    Type:  TimeStamp
    
    Definition:  When this route was first received.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  routeTOS
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The IP Type of Service which this routing entry serves.
    
    Object Status:  Required if type of service routing is supported.
    
    OBJECT:  valid
    
    Type:  BOOLEAN
    
    Definition:  Whether the route is active.  (Some machines retain
        routes which are no longer valid for various reasons.)

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary contains any information which pertains to transport protocols which use the IP protocol as the network protocol. For ease of reference, the ASN.1 tag of each transport protocol's dictionary is the same as the assigned IP Protocol number. The definition of the IpTransportLayer dictionary is shown below. Note that dictionaries for many protocols are not yet defined.

    IpTransportLayer ::= [APPLICATION 38] IMPLICIT SET {
                [0] IMPLICIT ProtocolsSupported,
                [1] IMPLICIT IcmpValues,
                [2] IMPLICIT IgmpValues OPTIONAL,
    
                [3] IMPLICIT GgpValues OPTIONAL,
                [7] IMPLICIT TcpValues OPTIONAL,
                [8] IMPLICIT EgpValues OPTIONAL,
                [17] IMPLICIT UdpValues OPTIONAL,
                [20] IMPLICIT HmpValues OPTIONAL,
                [27] IMPLICIT RdpValues OPTIONAL,
                [30] IMPLICIT NetbltValues OPTIONAL,
    }
    
    OBJECT:  IpTransportLayer
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  see above.

The objects in the dictionary are defined below.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: ProtocolsSupported

    OBJECT:  protocolsSupported
    
    Type:  OCTETSTRING

Definition: Sparse list of transport protocols supported. Each

octet in the OCTETSTRING contains the IP protocol number of a supported protocol. For the purposes of this definition, an entity supports a protocol if it both contains software to makes it possible for the protocol to be used in communications with the entity, AND the entity keeps the required values (if any) defined in this memo for that protocol.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: IcmpValues

The IcmpValues dictionary is a subdictionary of the IpTransportLayer dictionary which tracks the workings of the Internet Control Message Protocol, defined in RFC-792. The form of the dictionary is shown below.

IcmpValues ::= SET {

                inputPktCount   [0] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktErrors  [1] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktDeliver [2] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktTypes   [3] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
                outputPktCount  [4] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputPktErrors [5] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputPktTypes  [6] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
                icmpTraffic     [7] IMPLICIT TrafficMatrix OPTIONAL,
                ipID            [8] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL
            }
    
    OBJECT:  IcmpValues
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  see above.

The objects in the dictionary are defined below.

    OBJECT:  inputPktCount
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of ICMP packets received (including
        those in error).
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of ICMP packets received which proved to
        have errors (bad checksums, bad length etc).  Subtracting this
        value from the inputPktCount field should give the number of
        valid ICMP packets received.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktDeliver
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of valid ICMP packets which were
        successfully processed (e.g., delivered to the higher
        protocol).
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktTypes
    
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  A histogram of ICMP messages types and codes received,
        not including those messages that proved to contain errors.
        The histogram histValue field contains a 16-bit value which is
        the the (ICMP type * 256) + ICMP code, and the histCount field
        contains the number of valid messages containing this

type/code pair which have been received.

The message type and code values are those defined in RFC-792

(e.g., the Time Exceeded Message with a code of "fragment

reassembly time exceeded" is (11 * 256) + 1 = 2817).

    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as listed below:
    
        GET-MATCH:  Match is defined on the value of the histValue
            field.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktCount
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of ICMP packets that the entity
        attempted to send (including those that failed due to lack of
        buffers, a missing route or other transient transmission
        problems).
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of ICMP packets which the entity could not
        send due to transmission problems such as the lack of buffers, a
        missing route or other transient transmission problems.  This
        value is not required to include errors which the ICMP layer
        could not reasonably be expected to detect such as damage to the
        packet in transit.  Subtracting this value from the PktCount
        field should give the number of ICMP packets the entity believes
        it successfully sent.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktTypes
    
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  A histogram of ICMP messages types and codes sent,
        including those messages that later failed to be transmitted.
        The histogram histValue field contains a 16-bit value which is
        the the (ICMP type * 256) + ICMP code, and the histCount field
        contains the number of valid messages containing this type/code
        pair which have been sent.

The message type and code values are those defined in RFC-792

(e.g., the Time Exceeded Message with a code of "fragment

reassembly time exceeded" is (11 * 256) + 1 = 2817).

    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as listed below:
    
            GET-MATCH:  Match is defined on the value of the histValue
                field.
    
    OBJECT:  icmpTraffic
    
    Type:  TrafficMatrix
    
    Definition:  All ICMP traffic which has originated on this machine.
        The source address in the traffic matrix should be the interface
        from which the packet was sent.  The destination is the address
        to which the packet is to finally be delivered (not an
        intermediate hop).
    
    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    OBJECT:  ipID
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The next IP packet ID identifier to be used by the ICMP
        code.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the ICMP code generates its own IP
        identifiers.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: IgmpValues

IgmpValues ::= SET {

        conformance     [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
        inputPktCount   [1] IMPLICIT Counter,
        inputPktErrors  [2] IMPLICIT Counter,
        inputPktTypes   [3] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
        outputPktCount  [4] IMPLICIT Counter,
        outputPktErrors [5] IMPLICIT Counter,
        outputPktTypes  [6] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
        igmpTraffic     [7] IMPLICIT TrafficMatrix OPTIONAL
       
        igmpGroups      [8] IMPLICIT SET of IgmpGroupEntry,
        ipID            [9] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
       }
    
    OBJECT:  IgmpValues
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  The dictionary of information on the Internet Group
        Management Protocol (RFC-988).
    
    Object Status:  Required in hosts which support IGMP.

The objects stored in this dictionary are defined below.

    OBJECT:  conformance
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The level of conformance with RFC-988.  The conformance
        levels are:

0 -- Level 0. No support for IP multicasting

1 -- Level 1. Support for sending but not receiving

multicast datagrams.

2 -- Level 2. Full support for IP multicasting.

These values are taken directly from RFC-988.

    OBJECT:  inputPktCount
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IGMP packets received including those
        that proved to be in error.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IGMP packets received which proved to
        be in error.  This value subtracted from inputPktCount should
        give the number of valid IGMP packets received.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktTypes
    
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  A histogram of IGMP messages types and codes sent,
        including those messages that later failed to be transmitted.
        The histogram histValue field contains a 16-bit value which
        is the the (IGMP type * 256) + IGMP code, and the histCount
        field contains the number of valid messages containing this
        type/code pair which have been sent.

The type and code values are taken from RFC-988.

    OBJECT:  outputPktCount
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of IGMP packets that the entity
        attempted to send (including those that failed due to lack
        of buffers, a missing route or other transient transmission
        problems).
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of IGMP packets which the entity could not
        send due to transmission problems such as the lack of buffers,
        a missing route or other transient transmission problems.
        This value is not required to include errors which the IGMP
        layer could not reasonably be expected to detect such as damage
        to the packet in transit.  Subtracting this value from the
        outputPktCount field should give the number of IGMP packets
        the entity believes it successfully sent.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktTypes
    
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  A histogram of IGMP messages types and codes sent,
        including those messages that later failed to be transmitted.
        The histogram histValue field contains a 16-bit value which is
        the the (IGMP type * 256) + IGMP code, and the histCount field
        contains the number of valid messages containing this type/code
        pair which have been sent.

The type and code values are taken from RFC-988.

OBJECT:

            igmpTraffic

Type:

          TrafficMatrix
    
    Definition:  All IGMP traffic which has originated on this machine.
        The source address in the traffic matrix should be the interface
        from which the packet was sent.  The destination is the address
        to which the packet is to finally be delivered (not an
        intermediate hop).

Object Status: Useful.

OBJECT:

            igmpGroups

Type:

          SET
    
    Definition:  The various igmpGroups of which this host is aware.
        This is stored as a set of IgmpGroupEntry.  The format of an
        IgmpGroupEntry is shown below.
    
                    IgmpGroupEntry ::= [0] SET {
                        groupAddress      [0] IMPLICIT IpAddress,
                        groupAccessKey    [1] IMPLICIT OCTETSTRING,
                        groupAgent        [2] IMPLICIT BOOLEAN,
                    }

The groupAddress is the multicast IP address. The groupAccessKey is the 8 octet key -- this key may be confidential and should only be available to authorized querying entities. The groupAgent field is true if this entity is an agent for the multicast group.

    OBJECT:  ipID
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The next IP packet ID identifier to be used by the IGMP
        code.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the IGMP code generates its own IP
        identifiers.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: GgpValues

The definition of the GgpValues dictionary is left for further study.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: TcpValues

The TcpValues dictionary is a subdictionary of the IpTransportLayer dictionary which tracks the workings of the Transmission Control Protocol, defined in RFC-793. The definitions of several objects in this dictionary refer to definitions in RFC-793. The form of the dictionary is shown below.

            TcpValues ::= SET {
                          [0] IMPLICIT TcpParam
                          [1] IMPLICIT TcpStats OPTIONAL,
              tcpConnData [2] IMPLICIT SET of TcpConn,
            }
    
    OBJECT:  TcpValues
    
    Type:  IMPLICIT SET
    
    Definition:  see above.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the entity supports TCP.

The objects in the dictionary are defined in the next few sections.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: TcpValues/TcpParam

The TcpParam dictionary contains information about certain parameters such as round-trip timer estimation constants which are managed on a per-machine basis. The form of the dictionary is shown below.

            TcpParam ::= SET {
                tcpRtoA       [0] IMPLICIT IA5String,
                tcpRtoParam   [1] IMPLICIT SET of RtoParam,
                ipID          [2] IMPLICIT Counter,
                tcpRtoMin     [3] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                tcpRtoMax     [4] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                tcpMaxSegSiz  [5] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                tcpMaxConn    [6] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                tcpMaxWindow  [7] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
            }
    OBJECT:  tcpParam
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  see above.

The definition of the objects in the tcpParam dictionary are given below.

    OBJECT:  tcpRtoA
    
    Type:  IA5String
    
    Definition:  The TCP retransmission timeout algorithm used.  The
        algorithm is expressed as one or more equations to generate
        a target value, "RTO[N]", which is the retransmission timeout
        for packet "N".  Expressions should use well understood
        symbols such as * for multiplication and / for division, and
        parentheses to indicate precedence.  Variables should begin
        with an upper case character.  Multiple equations should be
        separated by semi-colons.  Comments should be in braces (i.e.,
        {}).  Constants should begin with a lower case character.  In
        addition to "RTO[N]" the symbol "S[N]" is defined to mean the
        round-trip sample for packet N.  Using this syntax, the
        algorithm in RFC-793 would be expressed as:
    
                RTO[N] = SRTT[N] * beta ;
                SRTT[N] = ( S[N-1] * alpha) + (SRTT[N-1] * (1 - alpha))
    
    Note:  The syntax probably needs to be refined so that it can be
       parsed and interpreted by a program.  This is left for future
       study.
    
    OBJECT:  tcpRtoParam
    
    Type:  SET of RtoParam
    
    Definition:  The list of the values of the constants used by the
        retransmission timeout algorithm.  The format of the RtoParam
        structure is shown below.
    
        RtoParam ::= SEQUENCE {
            name IA5String,
            value Fraction
        }

The name is the name of the constant as expressed in the tcpRtoA (e.g., "beta").

    OBJECT:  ipID
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The next IP packet ID identifier to be used by the TCP
        code.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the TCP code generates its own IP
        identifiers.
    
    OBJECT:  tcpRtoMin
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The minimum value the TCP implementation permits for
        the retransmission timeout (RTO), measured in milliseconds.
    
    Note:  If the SET operation is optionally defined, access control
       must be exercised.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the implementation uses the suggested
        algorithm in RFC-793 or if the implementation sets any limits
        on the minimum RTO.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as listed below:
    
        SET:  Optionally defined to change the value.  Implementations
           should confirm that the new value is less than tcpRtoMax.
    
    OBJECT:  tcpRtoMax
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The maximum value the TCP implementation permits for
        the retransmission timeout (RTO), measured in milliseconds.
    
    Note:  If the SET operation is optionally defined, access control
       must be exercised.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the implementation uses the suggested
        algorithm in RFC-793 or if the implementation sets any limits
        on the maximum RTO.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as listed below:
    SET:  Optionally defined to change the value.  Implementations
         should confirm that the new value is greater than tcpRtoMax,
         and that the value is large (i.e., several seconds).
    
    OBJECT:  tcpMaxSegSiz
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The maximum segment size used by this implementation.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the entity sets an upper limit on the
        MTU.  (Some implementations have no constraints, but chose an
        MTU from external constraints such as the maximum MTU of the
        network interface in use.)
    
    OBJECT:  tcpMaxConn
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  An optional value, which must be present if the entity
        has a limit on the total number of TCP connections it can support.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the entity sets limits.
    
    Note:  If the SET operation is defined, access control must be
        exercised.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as listed below:
    
        SET:  Optionally defined to change the value.  If the
            new value is less than the number of currently
            open connections, implementations are *not* required
            to close existing connections, but may not open
            any additional ones.
    
    OBJECT:  tcpMaxWindow
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  An optional value, which must be present if the entity
        places a fixed upper limit on the size of any connection's TCP
        window (i.e., if the maximum window size is not per connection
        configurable).
    
    Object Status:  Required if the entity sets limits.
    Note:  If the SET operation is defined, access control must be
        exercised.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as listed below:

SET: Optionally defined to change the value. The new

value must be at least the size of one maximum

TCP segment.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: TcpValues/TcpStats

The TcpStats dictionary stores general information about the workings of the TCP layer. The form of the dictionary is shown below.

TcpStats ::= SET {

                 connAttempts     [0] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 connOpened       [1] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 connAccepted     [2] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 connClosed       [3] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 connAborted      [4] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 connAbortedInfo  [5] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
                 octetsIn         [6] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 octetsOut        [7] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 octetsInDup      [8] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 octetsRetrans    [9] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 inputPkts       [10] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 retransPkts     [11] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 outputPkts      [12] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                 dupPkts         [13] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
            
            }
    
    OBJECT:  TcpStats
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.

The definition of the fields in the dictionary are given below.

    OBJECT:  connAttempts
    
    Type:  Counter
    Definition:  The number of connection attempts that have been made
        from this host.  This includes pending attempts.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  connOpened
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of connection attempts from this host which
        successfully generated an open connection.  This includes
        currently open connections.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  connAccepted
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of connections accepted by listening peers
        on this entity.  This includes currently open connections.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  connClosed
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of connections which were properly closed.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  connAborted
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of connections which were aborted.  Note
        that if implementations trace how the connection was aborted,
        they are encouraged to use the connAbortedInfo histogram.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  connAbortedInfo
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  The number of connections which were aborted by type of
        abort.  The histValue is one of the codes listed below.  The
        histCount is the number of connections aborted for this reason.
        The histValues codes are:

0 -- an abort condition not specified below
1 -- remote abort
2 -- local application abort
3 -- local protocol level abort

    Object Status:  Useful
    
    OBJECT:  octetsIn
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of TCP octets (not including
        duplicates) received at this entity.
    
    Object Status:  Required if TcpStats is implemented.
    
    OBJECT:  octetsOut
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of TCP octets (not including
        retransmissions) sent from this entity.
    
    Object Status:  Required if TcpStats is implemented.
    
    OBJECT:  octetsInDup
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of TCP octets received which were
        duplicates.
    
    Object Status:  Required if TcpStats is implemented.
    
    OBJECT:  octetsReTrans
    
    Type:  Counter
    Definition:  The total number of TCP octets which have been
        retransmitted.
    
    Object Status:  Required if TcpStats is implemented.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPkts
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of valid packets received, including
        those on current connections.
    
    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    OBJECT:  retransPkts
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of packets retransmitted.
    
    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPkts
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of packets sent.
    
    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    OBJECT:  dupPkts
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of packets received which contained only
        data already received.
    
    Object Status:  Useful.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: TcpValues/TcpConn

The tcpConnData field in the TcpValues dictionary is a set of TcpConn, where each TcpConn contains information on a particular TCP connection. The definition of TcpConn is shown below.

                TcpConn ::= SET {
                    localPort       [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    localAddress    [1] IMPLICIT IpAddress,
                    foreignPort     [2] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    foreignAddress  [3] IMPLICIT IpAddress,
                    state           [4] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    snduna          [5] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    sndnxt          [6] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    sndwnd          [7] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    congwnd         [8] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    rcvnxt          [9] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    rcvwnd         [10] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    srtt           [11] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                    lastrtt        [12] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                    maxSegSize     [13] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                    octetsSent     [14] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                    octetsRXmit    [15] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                    octetsRcvd     [16] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                    octetDups      [17] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                    octetPastWin   [18] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                    segSizes       [19] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
            }

The set of TCP connections can be searched in a number of ways based on the local and foreign addresses (including the port number). Individual values of a connection cannot be retrieved without a search.

    OBJECT:  TcpConn
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  The per TCP connection data.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as listed below:
    
          GET-MATCH:  Defined on any combination of values of
              localAddress,  localPort, foreignAddress and
              foreignPort.  Returns all connections which match
              the template.  (For example, GET-MATCH on a
              particular foreignAddress returns all connections
              to that address.)

The definitions of the fields of the tcpConn structure are given below.

    OBJECT:  localPort
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The local port number of this connection.

Operations on Object: Defaults. Note that MATCH operators may be

applied to this object to locate information on a particular TCP connection.

    OBJECT:  localAddress
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The local IP address of this connection.  May be the
        default IP address defined above.  This value may not be valid
        in certain states.
    
    Operations on Object:  Defaults.  Note that MATCH operators may be
        applied to this object to locate information on a particular
        TCP connection.
    
    OBJECT:  foreignPort
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The foreign port number of this connection.  This value
        may be meaningless if the local peer is in certain states (e.g.,
        LISTEN).
    
    Operations on Object:  Defaults.  Note that MATCH operators may be
       applied to this object to locate information on a particular TCP
       connection.
    
    OBJECT:  foreignAddress
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The foreign IP address of this connection.  This value
        may be meaningless if the local peer is in certain states (e.g.,
        LISTEN).

Operations on Object: Defaults. Note that MATCH operators may be

applied to this object to locate information on a particular TCP connection.

    OBJECT:  state
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The current state of the local peer.  The values
        corresponding to the different states are: close(0), listen(1),
        syn-sent(2), syn-received(3), established(4), close-wait(5),
        fin-wait-1(6), closing(7), last-ack(8), fin-wait-2(9),
        time-wait(10).  Implementations must map internal
        representations of the state into these values.
    
    OBJECT:  snduna
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The SND.UNA value as defined in RFC-793.
    
    OBJECT:  sndnxt
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The SND.NXT value as defined in RFC-793.
    
    OBJECT:  sndwnd
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The SND.WND value as defined in RFC-793.
    
    OBJECT:  congwnd
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The congestion window.  This value is less than or
        equal to sndwnd.  If less than sndwnd, then congestion
        control is in effect and congwnd is the reduced send window
        size in use.
    
    OBJECT:  rcvnxt
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    Definition:  The RCV.NXT value as defined in RFC-793.
    
    OBJECT:  rcvwnd
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The RCV.WND value as defined in RFC-793.
    
    OBJECT:  srtt
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The smoothed round-trip time in milliseconds.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the implementation maintains a smoothed
        round-trip time.
    
    OBJECT:  lastrtt
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The last round-trip time sample taken in milliseconds.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  maxSegSize
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The maximum segment size that can be used on this
        connection.
    
    OBJECT:  octetsSent
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of octets transmitted since the
        connection was opened, not including retransmissions.  Can
        alternatively be thought of as the current length of the
        stream.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    OBJECT:  octetsRXmit
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of octets retransmitted since the
        connection was opened.  This plus octetsSent should give the
        total number of octets sent.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  octetsRcvd
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of octets received since the connection was
        opened, not including duplicates received.  The receiver's
        version of octetsSent.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  octetDups
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of octets received since the
        connection was opened which were redundant (i.e., they had been
        previously received).
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.
    
    OBJECT:  octetPastWin
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of segments which contained data beyond
        the upper edge of the receive window.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged
    
    OBJECT:  segSizes
    
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  A histogram of the sizes of the packets sent on the

connection (useful for catching cases of silly-window syndrome). This histogram is an range histogram, measuring the number of segments whose size fell into a give range. The histogram histValue field contains a segment size, and the histCount field contains the number of segments between this size and the next largest size.

    Object Status:  Useful.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: EgpValues

The EgpValues dictionary stores information about the workings of the Exterior Gateway Protocol, defined in RFC-904. The format of the dictionary is shown below.

            EgpValues ::= SET {
                egpState  [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                          [1] IMPLICIT EgpParam,
                          [2] IMPLICIT EgpStats OPTIONAL,
              egpPeerData [3] IMPLICIT SET of EgpPeer
            }
    
    OBJECT:  EgpValues
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.
    
    Object Status:  Required in entities which support EGP.

The definitions of the subdictionaries of this dictionary are given below.

    OBJECT:  egpState
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The state of the EGP system.  The state values are:
    
                        0 -- Idle
                        1 -- Acquisition
                        2 -- Down
                        3 -- Up
                        4 -- Cease

These values are taken directly from RFC-904.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: EgpValues/EgpParam

The EgpParam dictionary stores the various EGP parameters. The format of the dictionary is shown below.

            EgpParam ::= SET {
                p1    [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                p2    [1] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                p3    [2] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                p4    [3] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                p5    [4] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                ipID  [5] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL
            }
    
    OBJECT:  EgpParam
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.

The definition of the fields of the dictionary are given below. All the definitions are taken from RFC-904.

    OBJECT:  p1
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  Minimum interval acceptable between successive Hello
        commands received.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.

SET: The set command is optionally defined on this object.

    OBJECT:  p2
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  Minimum interval acceptable between successive Poll
        commands received.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.

SET: The set command is optionally defined on this object.

    OBJECT:  p3
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  Interval between Request or Cease command
        retransmissions.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.

SET: The set command is optionally defined on this object.

    OBJECT:  p4
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  Interval during which state variables are maintained in
        the absence of commands or response in the Down and Up states.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.
    
    SET:  The set command is optionally defined on this object.
    
    OBJECT:  p5
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  Interval during which state variables are maintained in
        the absence of commands or response in the Acquisition and Cease
        states.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.

SET: The set command is optionally defined on this object.

OBJECT:

            ipID

Type:

          Counter
    
    Definition:  The next IP packet ID identifier to be used by the EGP
        code.

Object Status: Required if the EGP code generates its own IP

identifiers.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: EgpValues/EgpStats

The EgpStats dictionary keeps statistics about the use of EGP on this entity. The form of the dictionary is shown below.

            EgpStats ::= SET {
                inputPktCount   [1] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktErrors  [2] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktTypes   [3] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
                outputPktCount  [4] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputPktErrors [5] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputPktTypes  [6] IMPLICIT Histogram OPTIONAL,
                egpTraffic      [7] IMPLICIT TrafficMatrix OPTIONAL
            }
    
    OBJECT:  EgpStats
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.

The definitions of the objects in this dictionary are given below.

    OBJECT:  inputPktCount

Type:

          Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of EGP packets received including those that
        proved to be in error.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of EGP packets received which proved to be
        in error.  This value subtracted from inputPktCount should give
        the number of valid EGP packets received.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktTypes
    
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  A histogram of types of valid EGP messages received.
        The histogram histValue field contains the message type number,
        and the histCount field contains the number of messages of

this type which have been received.

    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktCount
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of EGP packets that the entity
        attempted to send (including those that failed due to lack of
        buffers, a missing route or other transient transmission
        problems).
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of EGP packets which the entity could not
        send due to transmission problems such as the lack of buffers,
        a missing route or other transient transmission problems.
        This value is not required to include errors which the EGP
        layer could not reasonably be expected to detect such as
        damage to the packet in transit.  Subtracting this value from
        the outputPktCount field should give the number of EGP packets
        the entity believes it successfully sent.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPktTypes
    
    Type:  Histogram
    
    Definition:  A histogram of EGP messages types sent, including those
        that later failed to be transmitted.  The histogram histValue
        field contains the message type number, and the histCount field
        contains the number of messages of this type which have been sent.
    
    Object Status:  Useful.
    
    OBJECT:  egpTraffic
    
    Type:  TrafficMatrix
    
    Definition:  All EGP traffic which has originated on this machine.
        The source address in the traffic matrix should be the interface
        from which the packet was sent.  The destination is the address

to which the packet is to finally be delivered (not an intermediate hop).

    Object Status:  Useful.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: EgpValues/EgpPeer

The egpPeerData field of the EgpValues dictionary is a set of EgpPeer structures which contain the state variables for a particular EGP neighbor. The form of the EgpPeer structure is shown below.

            EgpPeer ::= SET {
                r       [0] IMPLICIT Counter,
                s       [1] IMPLICIT Counter,
                t1      [2] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                t2      [3] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                t3      [4] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                m       [5] IMPLICIT BOOLEAN,
                timer1  [6] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                timer2  [7] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                timer3  [8] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                addr    [9] IMPLICIT IpAddress
            }
    
    OBJECT:  EgpPeer
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  The state information for a given EGP neighbor.

The definition of each field is given below.

    OBJECT:  r
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The receive sequence number as defined in RFC-904.
    
    OBJECT:  s
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The send sequence number as defined in RFC-904.
    OBJECT:  t1
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The interval between Hello command retransmissions as
        defined in RFC-904.
    
    OBJECT:  t2
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The interval between Poll command retransmissions as
        defined in RFC-904.
    
    OBJECT:  t3
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The interval during which neighbor-reachability
        indications are counted, as defined in RFC-904.
    
    OBJECT:  m
    
    Type:  BOOLEAN
    
    Definition:  The Hello Polling mode.  True if in active mode, false
        if in passive mode.
    
    Operations on Object:  The defaults except as noted below.

SET: Optionally defined to change the Hello Polling mode.

    OBJECT:  timer1
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The value of timer 1 as defined in RFC-904.
    
    OBJECT:  timer2
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The value of timer 2 as defined in RFC-904.
    
    OBJECT:  timer3
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The value of timer 3 as defined in RFC-904.
    
    OBJECT:  addr
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    
    Definition:  The IP address of the neighbor.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: UdpValues

The UdpValues dictionary stores all information on the User Datagram Protocol, defined in RFC-768. The format of the dictionary is shown below.

            UdpValues ::= [17] IMPLICIT SET OPTIONAL {
                ipID        [0] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                            [1] IMPLICIT UdpStats,
                udpPortData [2] IMPLICIT SET of udpPort
            }
    
    OBJECT:  UdpValues
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.
    
    Object Status:  Implementation of this dictionary is required if
        the entity supports UDP.

The fields of this dictionary are given below.

    OBJECT:  ipID
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The next IP packet ID identifier to be used by the UDP
        code.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the UDP code generates its own IP
        identifiers.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: UdpValues/UdpStats

The UdpStats dictionary stores general information about the behavior of the UDP protocol on the entity. The format of the dictionary is shown below.

            UdpStats ::= SET {
                inputPkts       [0] IMPLICIT Counter,
                inputPktErrors  [1] IMPLICIT Counter,
                outputPkts      [2] IMPLICIT Counter,
            }
    
    OBJECT:  UdpStats
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.
    
    Object Status:  Encouraged.

The fields in this dictionary are defined below.

    OBJECT:  inputPkts
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of UDP packets received at this entity
        including any errors.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the UdpStats dictionary is implemented.
    
    OBJECT:  inputPktsErrors
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The number of UDP packets which could not be delivered
        because of format errors, data corruption or because there was no
        application at the destination port.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the UdpStats dictionary is implemented.
    
    OBJECT:  outputPkts
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of UDP segments sent from this entity.
    
    Object Status:  Required if the UdpStats dictionary is implemented.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: UdpValues/udpPortData

The udpPortData structure stores information about individual UDP applications. The udpPortData is represented as a set of records, udpPorts, which track the behavior of individual ports. The format of both structures are shown below.

            udpPortData    [1] IMPLICIT SET of UdpPort
            
            UdpPort ::=  [0] IMPLICIT SET {
                localAddress     [0] IMPLICIT IpAddress,
                localPort        [1] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                foreignAddress   [2] IMPLICIT IpAddress OPTIONAL,
                foreignPort      [3] IMPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                maxPktSize       [4] IMPLICIT INTEGER,
                pktsRcvd         [5] IMPLICIT Counter,
                octetRcvd        [6] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
                pktsSent         [7] IMPLICIT Counter,
                octetSent        [8] IMPLICIT Counter OPTIONAL,
            }
    
    OBJECT:  udpPortData
    
    Type:  SET of udpPort
    
    Definition:  See above.
    
    OBJECT:  UdpPort
    
    Type:  SET
    
    Definition:  See above.

Operations on Object: The defaults except as noted below.

GET-MATCH. Defined on any combination of the values of

localAddress, localPort, foreignAddress and foreignPort. Returns all ports which match the template.

The meaning of the individual fields of the udpPort record are given below.

    OBJECT:  localAddress
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    Definition:  The local IP address of the port.  May be the default
        IP address if records are accepted from any interface.
    
    OBJECT:  localPort
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The local port number.
    
    OBJECT:  foreignAddress
    
    Type:  IpAddress
    
    Definition:  Some UDP implementations permit applications to specify
        the remote address from which packets will be accepted.  In such
        implementations, this field may be used to return the remote IP
        address.  If this value is set to the default IP address, then
        packets from any host are accepted.  The default IP address
        indicates that the application has not specified the remote
        address (but could if it chose).
    
    Object Status:  Required in entities which permit applications to
        specify the remote address.
    
    OBJECT:  foreignPort
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  Some UDP implementations permit applications to specify
        the remote address from which packets will be accepted.  In such
        implementations, this field may be used to return the remote
        port.  If this value is set to 0, packets from any remote port
        are accepted.
    
    Object Status:  Required in entities which permit applications to
        specify the remote port.
    
    OBJECT:  maxPktSize
    
    Type:  INTEGER
    
    Definition:  The maximum UDP packet size, if any, supported by this
        host.
    
    Object Status:  Required if there is a limit on the UDP packet size.
    OBJECT:  pktsRcvd
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of packets received on this port during
        the lifetime of this application (i.e., application which opened
        this port).
    
    OBJECT:  octetsRcvd
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of octets received at this port.
    
    OBJECT:  pktsSent
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of packets sent on this port during the
        lifetime of this application (i.e., the application which opened
        this port).
    
    OBJECT:  octetsSent
    
    Type:  Counter
    
    Definition:  The total number of octets sent on this port during the
        lifetime of this application (i.e., the application which opened
        this port).

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: HmpValues

The HmpValues dictionary stores all information on the Host Monitoring Protocol, defined in RFC-869. Since HEMS is designed to replace HMP, the definition of this dictionary has been deferred until a clear need for it is demonstrated.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: RdpValues

The RdpValues dictionary stores all information on the Reliable Data Protocol (RDP). Since RDP is currently being tested and revised, the definition of this dictionary is left for further study.

The IpTransportLayer Dictionary: NetbltValues

The NetbltValues dictionary stores all information on the Network Block Transfer protocol. Since Netblt is currently being tested and revised, the definition of this dictionary is left for further study.

The IpApplications Dictionary

The IpApplications dictionary stores information about networking applications whose operations may affect the proper operation of the network. Examples of such applications might be domain nameservers or distributed routing agents (such as gated or routed). The definition of this dictionary is left for further study.

NOTES ON RETRIEVAL OF OBJECTS

It is assumed in this system that the query processor is only one of many concurrently running processes on an entity, and that the operations of the other processes may affect the values of the objects managed by the query processor. To permit this concurrency, the query processor is not required to keep the values frozen during the execution of a query. As a result, related values may change during the course of the query's execution. Applications should be prepared for this possibility.

In several places, specific mathematical relations between objects have been specified, for example, that object X minus object Y should yield some well-defined value. Note that in many cases, objects X and Y are roll-over counters, in which case these relations are only valid modulo the precision of the counter. This is acceptable. The relationships are only intended to clarify the association between objects.

EVENTS

In the remainder of this memo we present the format and definition of event messages which are unsolicited updates sent from entities to management centers.

This section needs much further work. The authors provide this section to illustrate how the trap mechanism works. However, much more research must be done into the questions of what events need to be reported, and what information they must carry with them before this section can be completed. The authors welcome any advice from the community on this subject.

Format of Event Messages

Event messages have the same format as replies; they are a sequence of objects. The only difference between a event message and a regular reply to a query is that the event message is labelled as a event in the HEMP message header and the first object in the event message is a special event leader describing the event. All objects after the event message are standard objects stored by the entity which might be useful to a monitoring center in understanding the machine state which caused the event. Each event has a certain number of objects that it must return. Additional objects may be returned by loading instructions into the eventExecution buffer of the relevant eventEntry.

The format of the event leader is shown below:

             EventLeader ::= [APPLICATION 1024] IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
                 eventCode INTEGER,
                 eventIndex INTEGER,
                 eventThreshold INTEGER,
                 eventTime TimeStamp,
                 eventDescr IA5STRING
             }

The eventCode is a number which indicates the type of event. The eventCodes are defined below.

The eventIndex is an implementation specific value. It is considered good practice to make sure that a particular event is only generated in one place. It may be the case that certain HEMS generic events (for example, "no buffer space") may be generated by more than one place in an entity's code. To allow implementors and network managers to determine where the event is actually being generated, implementors should make sure that a distinct eventIndex is assigned to each location in the code that generates a particular event.

The eventThreshold is the value of the event threshold when the event was sent.

The eventTime indicates when the trap was generated.

The eventDescr is a text string which describes the event. This description should explain the general problem (e.g., "no buffer space") and may also, optionally, include additional information about why this particular event was generated (e.g., "could not send ICMP redirect").

Event Definitions

The remainder of this memo presents a few generic events, which are presented for illustration only. Implementors interested in supporting events should contact the authors to help work out a more comprehensive set of definitions.

The format of the event definitions is:

     EVENT CODE:  The event code number.
     
     Definition:  Defines the event.

Related Objects: The list of related objects which *must* be returned following the event header. All objects should be returned as fully qualified objects (with ASN.1 codes tracing a complete path from the root object dictionary). If no objects are specified, then no related objects are required.

     Event Status:  Events are either required of all conforming
             implementations, required if the entity supports a
             particular feature (e.g., TCP events) or optional.

Notes:

Any additional notes about the event.

List of Events

The next few event codes are for system (as opposed to more network oriented) events.

         EVENT CODE:  0
         
         Definition:  Unused
         
         EVENT CODE:  1
         
         Definition:  The entity has rebooted.

Related Objects: An INTEGER which is the highest HEMP

messageID reached by the trap system before the system crashed.

         EVENT CODE:  2

Definition: The entity is about to go into test mode.

         EVENT CODE:  3
         
         Definition:  The entity is about to reset.
         
         EVENT CODE:  4
         
         Definition:  The entity is about to reboot.
         
         EVENT CODE:  5
         
         Definition:  The entity is about to halt.
         
         EVENT CODE:  6
         
         Definition:  The system is close to depleting its packet buffer
             space.
         
         Event Status:  optional
         
         EVENT CODE:  7
         
         Definition:  The system has depleted its packet buffer space.
         
         EVENT CODE:  8
         
         Definition:  The system has depleted a non-packet buffer space.
         
         Note:  The two trap codes above do not deal neatly with
             systems which have multiple buffer pools, each of which
             may be depleted separately, with very different effects
             on the entity.

The next set of event codes apply to events related to network interfaces.

         EVENT CODE:  1024

Definition: The given interface has just come up.

         Related Objects:  The InterfaceData structure for the
             interface.
         
         EVENT CODE:  1025

Definition: The given interface has just been taken down.

         Related Objects:  The InterfaceData structure for the
             interface.
         
         EVENT CODE:  1026
         
         Definition:  The given interface has just gone into test mode.
         
         Related Objects:  The InterfaceData structure for the
             interface.

The next set of event codes are used to report IP-level errors.

         EVENT CODE:  2048
         
         Definition:  Unable to route IP packet.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2049
         
         Definition:  Bad IP checksum.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2050
         
         Definition:  An IP packet with a bad header was received (for
             example, with a broadcast or multicast IP address as the
             source, or the wrong IP version number, or a header length
             which is too short).
         
         Related Objects:  Should return the IP header of the packet.
             Note that an IP header type has not yet been defined.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2051

Definition: Packet for unsupported IP transport protocol.

         Related Objects:  Should return the IP header of the packet.
             Note that an IP header type has not yet been defined.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2052
         
         Definition:  A stunted IP packet was received (smaller than
             the IP length says it should be).
         
         Related Objects:  Should return the IP header of the packet.
             Note that an IP header type has not yet been defined.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2053
         
         Definition:  An oversize IP packet was received (larger than
             the IP length says it should be).
         
         Related Objects:  Should return the IP header of the packet.
             Note that an IP header type has not yet been defined.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2054
         
         Definition:  A good IP packet was discarded (usually to free
             up buffer space).
         
         Related Objects:  Should return the IP header of the packet.
             Note that an IP header type has not yet been defined.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2055

Definition: An IP packet's time-to-live as expired.

         Related Objects:  Should return the IP header of the packet.
             Note that an IP header type has not yet been defined.
         
         EVENT CODE:  2056
         
         Definition:  This IP fragment has timed out.
         
         Related Objects:  Should return the header of the fragment.
             Note that an IP header type has not yet been defined.

AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDY

There are several parts of this document that could use additional study. Comments from readers are welcome.

The whole event system needs thorough examination. It is not clear that the event control mechanism strikes the proper balance between sufficient flexibility to allow monitoring centers to customize their event stream, and keeping the basic mechanism simple. Further, the problem of defining generic events for all entities is an immense task. Finally, the system of appending required values after traps, followed by optional values read from the data tree feels a bit cumbersome. It would be nice if all values were in the same data space.

Several readers have suggested it might make more sense to keep TCP connection parameters on a per-connection basis rather than globally.

The method for specifying the TCP round-trip time algorithm needs to be refined. The expression syntax should be sufficiently general that all round-trip-time-related algorithms (e.g., those for time or routing protocols) can be expressed in it.

Much more research could be done into what information needs to be gathered to effectively monitor a network.