RFC 8145: Signaling Trust Anchor Knowledge in DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)

Text version

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Request for Comments: 8145
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721

D. Wessels
Verisign
W. Kumari
Google
P. Hoffman
ICANN
April 2017

Signaling Trust Anchor Knowledge in DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)

Abstract

The DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) were developed to provide origin authentication and integrity protection for DNS data by using digital signatures. These digital signatures can be verified by building a chain of trust starting from a trust anchor and proceeding down to a particular node in the DNS. This document specifies two different ways for validating resolvers to signal to a server which keys are referenced in their chain of trust. The data from such signaling allow zone administrators to monitor the progress of rollovers in a DNSSEC-signed zone.

Status of This Memo

This is an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8145.

Copyright Notice

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

   1. Introduction ....................................................3
      1.1. Design Evolution ...........................................4
   2. Requirements Terminology ........................................5
   3. Terminology .....................................................5
   4. Using the edns-key-tag Option ...................................5
      4.1. Option Format ..............................................5
      4.2. Use by Queriers ............................................6
           4.2.1. Stub Resolvers ......................................7
                  4.2.1.1. Validating Stub Resolvers ..................7
                  4.2.1.2. Non-validating Stub Resolvers ..............7
           4.2.2. Recursive Resolvers .................................7
                  4.2.2.1. Validating Recursive Resolvers .............7
                  4.2.2.2. Non-validating Recursive Resolvers .........8
      4.3. Use by Responders ..........................................8
   5. Using the Key Tag Query .........................................8
      5.1. Query Format ...............................................8
      5.2. Use by Queriers ............................................9
      5.3. Use by Responders ..........................................9
           5.3.1. Interaction with Aggressive Negative Caching ........9
   6. IANA Considerations ............................................10
   7. Security Considerations ........................................10
   8. Privacy Considerations .........................................11
   9. References .....................................................11
      9.1. Normative References ......................................11
      9.2. Informative References ....................................12
   Acknowledgments ...................................................13
   Authors' Addresses ................................................13

1. Introduction

The DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) [RFC4033] [RFC4034] [RFC4035] were developed to provide origin authentication and integrity protection for DNS data by using digital signatures. DNSSEC uses Key Tags to efficiently match signatures to the keys from which they are generated. The Key Tag is a 16-bit value computed from the RDATA portion of a DNSKEY resource record (RR) using a formula not unlike a ones-complement checksum. RRSIG RRs contain a Key Tag field whose value is equal to the Key Tag of the DNSKEY RR that validates the signature.

Likewise, Delegation Signer (DS) RRs also contain a Key Tag field whose value is equal to the Key Tag of the DNSKEY RR to which it refers.

This document specifies how validating resolvers can tell a server, in a DNS query, which DNSSEC key(s) they would use to validate the server's responses. It describes two independent methods for conveying Key Tag information between clients and servers:

placing an EDNS option in the OPT RR [RFC6891] that contains the Key Tags (described in Section 4)

periodically sending special "Key Tag queries" to a server authoritative for the zone (described in Section 5)

Each of these new signaling mechanisms is OPTIONAL to implement and use. These mechanisms serve to measure the acceptance and use of new DNSSEC trust anchors and key signing keys (KSKs). This signaling data can be used by zone administrators as a gauge to measure the successful deployment of new keys. This is of particular interest for the DNS root zone in the event of key and/or algorithm rollovers that rely on [RFC5011] to automatically update a validating DNS resolver's trust anchor.

This document does not introduce new processes for rolling keys or updating trust anchors. Rather, it specifies a means by which a DNS query can signal the set of keys that a client uses for DNSSEC validation.

1.1. Design Evolution

Initially, when the work on this document started, it proposed including Key Tag values in a new EDNS(0) option code. It was modeled after [RFC6975], which provides DNSSEC algorithm signaling.

The authors received feedback from participants in the DNSOP Working Group that it might be better to convey Key Tags in the QNAME of a separate DNS query, rather than as an EDNS(0) option. Mostly, this is because forwarding (e.g., from stub to recursive to authoritative) could be problematic. Reasons include the following:

   1.  EDNS(0) is a hop-by-hop protocol.  Unknown option codes would not
   
       be forwarded by default, as per [RFC6891].

Middleboxes might block entire queries containing unknown EDNS(0) option codes.

A recursive resolver might need to remember Key Tag values (i.e., keep state) received from its stub clients and then forward them at a later opportunity.

One advantage of the EDNS(0) option code is that it is possible to see that a stub client has a different Key Tag list than its forwarder. In the QNAME-based approach, this is not possible because queries originated by a stub and a forwarder are indistinguishable. The authors feel that this advantage is not sufficient to justify the EDNS(0) approach.

One downside to the QNAME approach is that it uses a separate query, whereas with EDNS(0) the Key Tag values are "piggybacked" onto an existing DNSKEY query. For this reason, this document recommends only sending QNAME-based Key Tag queries for trust anchors, although EDNS-based Key Tags can be sent with any DNSKEY query.

Another downside to the QNAME-based approach is that since the trust anchor zone might not contain labels matching the QNAME, these queries could be subject to aggressive negative caching features now in development by the Working Group. This could affect the amount of signaling sent by some clients compared to others.

A probably minor downside to the QNAME-based approach is that it cannot be used with extremely long query names if the addition of the prefix would cause the name to be longer than 255 octets.

2. Requirements Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3. Terminology

   Trust Anchor:  A configured DNSKEY RR or DS RR hash of a DNSKEY RR.
   
      A validating security-aware resolver uses this public key or hash
      as a starting point for building the authentication chain to a
      signed DNS response.  In general, a validating resolver will have
      to obtain the initial values of its trust anchors via some secure
      or trusted means outside the DNS protocol.  Presence of a
      trust anchor also implies that the resolver should expect the zone
      to which the trust anchor points to be signed.  (This paragraph is
      quoted from Section 2 of [RFC4033].)
   
   Key Tag:  A 16-bit integer that identifies and enables efficient
      selection of DNSSEC public keys.  A Key Tag value can be computed
      over the RDATA of a DNSKEY RR.  The Key Tag field in the RRSIG and
      DS records can be used to help select the corresponding DNSKEY RR
      efficiently when more than one candidate DNSKEY RR is available.
      For most algorithms, the Key Tag is a simple 16-bit modular sum of
      the DNSKEY RDATA.  See [RFC4034], Appendix B.

4. Using the edns-key-tag Option

4.1. Option Format

The edns-key-tag option is encoded as follows:

   0                       8                      16
   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
   |                  OPTION-CODE                  |
   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
   |                 OPTION-LENGTH                 |
   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
   |                    KEY-TAG                    |
   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
   |                      ...                      /
   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

where:

   OPTION-CODE:  The EDNS0 option code assigned to edns-key-tag (14).
   
   OPTION-LENGTH:  The value 2 x number of key-tag values present.
   
   KEY-TAG:  One or more 16-bit Key Tag values ([RFC4034], Appendix B).

4.2. Use by Queriers

A validating resolver sets the edns-key-tag option in the OPT RR when sending a DNSKEY query. The validating resolver SHOULD also set the DNSSEC OK bit (also known as the DO bit) [RFC4035] to indicate that it wishes to receive DNSSEC RRs in the response.

A DNS client MUST NOT include the edns-key-tag option for non-DNSKEY queries.

The KEY-TAG value(s) included in the edns-key-tag option represents the Key Tag of the trust anchor or DNSKEY RR that will be used to validate the expected response. When the client sends a DNSKEY query, the edns-key-tag option represents the Key Tag(s) of the KSK(s) of the zone for which the server is authoritative. A validating resolver learns the Key Tag(s) of the KSK(s) from the zone's DS record(s) (found in the parent) or from a trust anchor.

A DNS client SHOULD include the edns-key-tag option when issuing a DNSKEY query for a zone corresponding to a trust anchor.

A DNS client MAY include the edns-key-tag option when issuing a DNSKEY query for a non-trust anchor zone (i.e., Key Tags learned via DS records). Since some DNSSEC validators implement bottom-up validation, a non-trust anchor Key Tags zone might not be known at the time of the query. Such a validator can include the edns-key-tag option based on previously cached data.

A DNS client MUST NOT include Key Tag(s) for keys that are not learned via either a trust anchor or DS records.

Since the edns-key-tag option is only set in the query, if a client sees these options in the response, no action needs to be taken and the client MUST ignore the option values.

4.2.1. Stub Resolvers

Typically, stub resolvers rely on an upstream recursive resolver (or cache) to provide a response. Optimal setting of the edns-key-tag option depends on whether the stub resolver elects to perform its own validation.

4.2.1.1. Validating Stub Resolvers

A validating stub resolver sets the DNSSEC OK bit [RFC4035] to indicate that it wishes to receive additional DNSSEC RRs (i.e., RRSIG RRs) in the response. Such validating resolvers SHOULD include the edns-key-tag option in the OPT RR when sending a DNSKEY query.

4.2.1.2. Non-validating Stub Resolvers

The edns-key-tag option MUST NOT be included by non-validating stub resolvers.

4.2.2. Recursive Resolvers

4.2.2.1. Validating Recursive Resolvers

A validating recursive resolver is, by definition, configured with at least one trust anchor. Thus, a recursive resolver SHOULD include the edns-key-tag option in its DNSKEY queries as described above.

In addition, the clients of a validating recursive resolver might be configured to do their own validation, with their own trust anchor(s). When a validating recursive resolver receives a query that includes the edns-key-tag option with a Key Tag list that differs from its own, it SHOULD forward both the client's Key Tag list and its own list. When doing so, the recursive resolver SHOULD transmit the two Key Tag lists using separate instances of the edns-key-tag option code in the OPT RR. For example, if the recursive resolver's Key Tag list is (19036, 12345) and the stub/client's list is (19036, 34567), the recursive resolver would include the edns-key-tag option twice: once with values (19036, 12345) and once with values (19036, 34567).

A validating recursive resolver MAY combine stub/client Key Tag values from multiple incoming queries into a single outgoing query. It is RECOMMENDED that implementations place reasonable limits on the number of Key Tags to include in the outgoing edns-key-tag option.

If the client included the DNSSEC OK and Checking Disabled (CD) bits but did not include the edns-key-tag option in the query, the validating recursive resolver MAY include the option with its own Key Tag values in full.

Validating recursive resolvers MUST NOT set the edns-key-tag option in the final response to the stub client.

4.2.2.2. Non-validating Recursive Resolvers

Recursive resolvers that do not validate responses SHOULD copy the edns-key-tag option seen in received queries, as they represent the wishes of the validating downstream resolver that issued the original query.

4.3. Use by Responders

An authoritative name server receiving queries with the edns-key-tag option MAY log or otherwise collect the Key Tag values to provide information to the zone operator.

A responder MUST NOT include the edns-key-tag option in any DNS response.

5. Using the Key Tag Query

5.1. Query Format

A Key Tag query consists of a standard DNS query of type NULL and of class IN [RFC1035].

The first component of the query name is the string "_ta-" followed by a sorted, hyphen-separated list of hexadecimal-encoded Key Tag values. The zone name corresponding to the trust anchor is appended to this first component.

For example, a validating DNS resolver that has a single root zone trust anchor with Key Tag 17476 (decimal) would originate a query of the form QTYPE=NULL, QCLASS=IN, QNAME=_ta-4444.

Hexadecimal values MUST be zero-padded to four hexadecimal digits. For example, if the Key Tag is 999 (decimal), it is represented in hexadecimal as 03e7.

When representing multiple Key Tag values, they MUST be sorted in order from smallest to largest. For example, a validating DNS resolver that has three trust anchors for the example.com zone with Key Tags 1589, 43547, 31406 (decimal) would originate a query of the form QTYPE=NULL, QCLASS=IN, QNAME=_ta-0635-7aae-aa1b.example.com.

5.2. Use by Queriers

A validating DNS resolver (stub or recursive) SHOULD originate a Key Tag query whenever it also originates a DNSKEY query for a trust anchor zone. In other words, the need to issue a DNSKEY query is also the trigger to issue a Key Tag query.

The value(s) included in the Key Tag query represents the Key Tag(s) of the trust anchor that will be used to validate the expected DNSKEY response.

A validating DNS resolver SHOULD NOT originate Key Tag queries when also originating DNSKEY queries for non-trust anchor zones.

A non-validating DNS resolver MUST NOT originate Key Tag queries.

DNS resolvers with caches SHOULD cache and reuse the response to a Key Tag query just as it would any other response.

5.3. Use by Responders

An authoritative name server receiving Key Tag queries MAY log or otherwise collect the Key Tag values to provide information to the zone operator.

An authoritative name server MUST generate an appropriate response to the Key Tag query. A server does not need to have built-in logic that determines the response to Key Tag queries: the response code is determined by whether the data is in the zone file or covered by wildcards. The zone operator might want to add specific Key Tag records to its zone, perhaps with specific TTLs, to affect the frequency of Key Tag queries from clients.

5.3.1. Interaction with Aggressive Negative Caching

Aggressive NSEC/NSEC3 negative caching [NSEC-NSEC3-Usage] may also affect the quality of Key Tag signaling. When the response code for a Key Tag query is NXDOMAIN, DNS resolvers that implement aggressive negative caching will send fewer Key Tag queries than resolvers that do not implement it.

For this reason, zone operators might choose to create records corresponding to expected Key Tag queries. During a rollover from Key Tag 1111 (hex) to Key Tag 2222 (hex), the zone could include the following records:

   _ta-1111        IN   NULL   \# 0
   _ta-2222        IN   NULL   \# 0
   _ta-1111-2222   IN   NULL   \# 0

Recall that when multiple Key Tags are present, the originating client MUST sort them from smallest to largest in the query name.

6. IANA Considerations

IANA has assigned an EDNS0 option code for the edns-key-tag option in the "DNS EDNS0 Option Codes (OPT)" registry as follows:

              +-------+--------------+----------+-----------+
              | Value | Name         | Status   | Reference |
              +-------+--------------+----------+-----------+
              | 14    | edns-key-tag | Optional | RFC 8145  |
              +-------+--------------+----------+-----------+

7. Security Considerations

This document specifies two ways for a client to signal its trust anchor knowledge to a cache or server. The goal of these optional mechanisms is to signal new trust anchor uptake in clients to allow zone administrators to know when it is possible to complete a key rollover in a DNSSEC-signed zone.

There is a possibility that an eavesdropper or server could infer the validator in use by a client by the Key Tag list seen. This may allow an attacker to find validators using old, possibly broken, keys. It could also be used to identify the validator or to narrow down the possible validator implementations in use by a client; the validator used by the client could have a known vulnerability that could be exploited by the attacker.

Consumers of data collected from the mechanisms described in this document are advised that provided Key Tag values might be "made up" by some DNS clients with malicious, or at least mischievous, intentions. For example, an attacker with sufficient resources might try to generate large numbers of queries including only old Key Tag values, with the intention of delaying the completion of a key rollover.

DNSSEC does not require keys in a zone to have unique Key Tags. During a rollover, there is a small possibility that an old key and a new key will have identical Key Tag values. Zone operators relying on the edns-key-tag mechanism SHOULD take care to ensure that new keys have unique Key Tag values.

8. Privacy Considerations

This proposal provides additional, optional "signaling" to DNS queries in the form of Key Tag values. While Key Tag values themselves are not considered private information, it may be possible for an eavesdropper to use Key Tag values as a fingerprinting technique to identify particular validating DNS clients. This may be especially true if the validator is configured with trust anchors for zones in addition to the root zone.

A validating resolver need not transmit the Key Tags in every applicable query. Due to privacy concerns, such a resolver MAY choose to transmit the Key Tags for a subset of queries (e.g., every 25th time) or by random chance with a certain probability (e.g., 5%).

Implementations of this specification MAY be administratively configured to only transmit the Key Tags for certain zones. For example, the software's configuration file may specify a list of zones for which the use of the mechanisms described here is allowed or denied. Since the primary motivation for this specification is to provide operational measurement data for root zone key rollovers, it is RECOMMENDED that implementations at least include the edns-key-tag option for root zone DNSKEY queries.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
   
   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
   
   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
              RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.
   
   [RFC4034]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
              RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.
   
   [RFC4035]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
              Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4035>.
   
   [RFC6891]  Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
              for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.

9.2. Informative References

[NSEC-NSEC3-Usage]

              Fujiwara, K., Kato, A., and W. Kumari, "Aggressive use of
              DNSSEC-validated Cache", Work in Progress,
              draft-ietf-dnsop-nsec-aggressiveuse-09, March 2017.
   
   [RFC5011]  StJohns, M., "Automated Updates of DNS Security (DNSSEC)
              Trust Anchors", STD 74, RFC 5011, DOI 10.17487/RFC5011,
              September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5011>.
   
   [RFC6975]  Crocker, S. and S. Rose, "Signaling Cryptographic
              Algorithm Understanding in DNS Security Extensions
              (DNSSEC)", RFC 6975, DOI 10.17487/RFC6975, July 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6975>.

Acknowledgments

This document was inspired by and borrows heavily from [RFC6975] by Scott Rose and Steve Crocker. The authors would like to thank Mark Andrews, Casey Deccio, Burt Kalisky, Bob Harold, Edward Lewis, Tim Wicinski, Suzanne Woolf, and other members of the DNSOP Working Group for their input.

Authors' Addresses

   Duane Wessels
   Verisign
   12061 Bluemont Way
   Reston, VA  20190
   United States of America
   
   Phone: +1 703 948-3200
   Email: dwessels@verisign.com
   URI:   http://verisigninc.com
   
   Warren Kumari
   Google
   1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
   Mountain View, CA  94043
   United States of America

Email:

          warren@kumari.net

Paul Hoffman
ICANN

   Email: paul.hoffman@icann.org