Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                        B. Lengyel
Request for Comments: 9195                                      Ericsson
Category: Standards Track                                      B. Claise
ISSN: 2070-1721                                                   Huawei
                                                           February 2022

A File Format for YANG Instance Data

Abstract

There is a need to document data defined in YANG models at design time, implementation time, or when a live server is unavailable. This document specifies a standard file format for YANG instance data, which follows the syntax and semantics of existing YANG models and annotates it with metadata.

Status of This Memo

This is an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9195.

Copyright Notice

Copyright © 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction
     1.1.  Terminology
     1.2.  Principles
     1.3.  Delivery of Instance Data
     1.4.  Data Life Cycle
   2.  Instance Data File Format
     2.1.  Specifying the Content Schema
       2.1.1.  Inline Method
       2.1.2.  Simplified-Inline Method
       2.1.3.  URI Method
     2.2.  Examples
       2.2.1.  Documentation of Server Capabilities
       2.2.2.  Preloading Default Configuration Data
       2.2.3.  Storing Diagnostics Data
   3.  YANG Instance Data Model
     3.1.  Tree Diagram
     3.2.  YANG Model
   4.  Security Considerations
   5.  IANA Considerations
     5.1.  URI Registration
     5.2.  YANG Module Name Registration
   6.  References
     6.1.  Normative References
     6.2.  Informative References
   Appendix A.  Backwards Compatibility
   Appendix B.  Detailed Use Cases
     B.1.  Use Case 1: Early Documentation of Server Capabilities
     B.2.  Use Case 2: Preloading Data
     B.3.  Use Case 3: Documenting Factory Default Settings
   Acknowledgments
   Authors' Addresses

1. Introduction

There is a need to document data defined in YANG models when a live server is unavailable. Data is often needed at design time, implementation time, or even later when a live running server is unavailable. To facilitate this offline delivery of data, this document specifies a standard format for YANG instance data sets and YANG instance data files. The format of the instance data set is defined by the "ietf-yang-instance-data" YANG module; see Section 3. The YANG data model in this document conforms to the Network Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA) defined in [RFC8342].

The following is a list of already-implemented and potential use cases.

   UC1  Documentation of server capabilities
   
   UC2  Preloading default configuration data
   
   UC3  Documenting factory default settings
   
   UC4  Storing the configuration of a device, e.g., for backup,
        archive, or audit purposes
   
   UC5  Storing diagnostics data
   
   UC6  Allowing YANG instance data to potentially be carried within
        other inter-process communication (IPC) message formats
   
   UC7  Default instance data used as part of a templating solution
   
   UC8  Providing data examples in RFCs or internet drafts

Appendix B describes the first three use cases in detail.

There are many and varied use cases where YANG instance data could be used. This document does not limit future uses of instance data sets, so specifying how and when to use YANG instance data is out of scope for this document. It is anticipated that other documents will define specific use cases. Use cases are listed only as examples.

1.1. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

   Instance Data:  A collection of instantiated data nodes.
   
   Instance Data Set:  A named set of data items annotated with metadata
      that can be used as instance data in a YANG data tree.
   
   Instance Data File:  A file containing an instance data set formatted
      according to the rules described in this document.
   
   Content-schema:  A set of YANG modules with their revision, supported
      features, and deviations for which the instance data set contains
      instance data.
   
   Content-defining YANG Module:  An individual YANG module that is part
      of the content-schema.

The term "server" is used as defined in [RFC8342].

1.2. Principles

The following is a list of the basic principles of the instance data format:

   P1  Two standard formats shall be defined based on the XML and JSON
       encodings.
   
   P2  Instance data shall reuse existing encoding rules for YANG-
       defined data.
   
   P3  Metadata about the instance data set (Section 2, Paragraph 14)
       shall be defined.
   
   P4  A YANG instance data set shall be allowed to contain data for
       multiple YANG modules.
   
   P5  Instance data shall be allowed to contain configuration data,
       state data, or a mix of the two.
   
   P6  Partial data sets shall be allowed.
   
   P7  The YANG instance data format shall be usable for any data for
       which YANG module(s) are defined and available to the reader,
       independent of whether the module is implemented by a server.
   
   P8  It shall be possible to report the identity of the datastore with
       which the instance data set is associated.

1.3. Delivery of Instance Data

Instance data sets that are produced as a result of some sort of specification or design effort may be available without the need for a live server, e.g., via download from the vendor's website or in any other way that product documentation is distributed.

Other instance data sets may be read from or produced by the YANG server itself, e.g., UC5 documenting diagnostic data.

1.4. Data Life Cycle

A YANG instance data set is created at a specific point of time. If the data changes afterwards, the instance data set will no longer represent the current data unless it is updated. The current values may be retrieved at runtime via NETCONF/RESTCONF or received, e.g., in YANG-Push notifications.

Whether the instance data changes and, if so, when and how should be described either in the instance data set's description statement or in some other implementation-specific manner.

2. Instance Data File Format

A YANG instance data file MUST contain a single instance data set and no additional data.

The format of the instance data set is defined by the "ietf-yang- instance-data" YANG module. It is made up of a header part and content-data. The header part carries metadata for the instance data set. The content-data, defined as an anydata data node, carries the instance data that the user wants to document and/or provide. The syntax and semantics of content-data are defined by the content- schema.

Two formats are specified based on the XML and JSON YANG encodings. The file formats are achieved by applying the respective XML and JSON encoding rules for the YANG structure included in this document. Later, as other YANG encodings (e.g., CBOR) are defined, further instance data formats may be specified.

The content-data part MUST conform to the content-schema while allowing for the exceptions listed below. The content-data part SHALL follow the encoding rules defined in [RFC7950] for XML and [RFC7951] for JSON and MUST use UTF-8 character encoding. Content- data MAY include:

• metadata, as defined by [RFC7952].

• origin metadata, as specified in [RFC8526] and [RFC8527].

• implementation-specific metadata relevant to individual data nodes. Unknown metadata MUST be ignored by users of instance data, allowing it to be used later for other purposes.

An instance data set MAY contain data for any number of YANG modules; if needed, it MAY carry the complete configuration and state data for a server. Default values should be excluded where they do not provide additional useful data.

Configuration ("config true") and operational state data ("config false") MAY be mixed in the instance data file.

Instance data files MAY contain partial data sets. This means "mandatory", "min-elements", "require-instance true", "must", and "when" constraints MAY be violated.

The name of the instance data file SHOULD be of the following form (using ABNF notation [RFC5234]):

      instance-data-set-name ["@" ( revision-date / timestamp ) ]
                     ( ".xml" / ".json" )

Examples include:

         acme-router-modules.xml
         acme-router-modules@2018-01-25.xml
         acme-router-modules@2018-01-25T15_06_34_3+01_00.json

If the leaf "name" is present in the instance data header, its value SHOULD be used for the "instance-data-set-name" in the filename. If the "revision-date" is present in the filename, it MUST conform to the format of the revision-date leaf in the YANG model. If the "revision-date" is present in both the filename and the instance data header, the revision date in the filename MUST be set to the latest revision date inside the instance data set. If the "timestamp" is present in the filename, it MUST conform to the format of the timestamp leaf in the YANG model except for replacing colons as described below. If the "timestamp" is present in both the filename and the instance data header, the timestamp in the filename SHOULD be set to the timestamp inside the instance data set; any colons, if present, shall be replaced by underscores.

Metadata, information about the data set itself, MUST be included. Some metadata items are defined in the YANG module "ietf-yang- instance-data", but other items MAY be used.

Metadata MUST include:

• Version of the YANG instance data format (if not explicitly present, the default value is used).

Metadata SHOULD include:

• Name of the data set.

• Content-schema specification (i.e., the "content-schema" node).

• Description of the instance data set. The description SHOULD contain information on whether and how the data can change during the lifetime of the server.

• An indication of whether default values are included. The default handling uses the concepts defined in [RFC6243]; however, as only concepts are re-used, users of instance data sets do not need to support [RFC6243].

2.1. Specifying the Content Schema

To properly understand and use an instance data set, the user needs to know the content-schema. The content-schema can be specified either in external documents or within the instance data set. In the latter case, one of the following methods MUST be used:

   Inline method:  Include the needed information as part of the
   
      instance data set.
   
   Simplified-inline method:  Include the needed information as part of
      the instance data set; only the modules' name and revision-date
      are used.
   
   URI method:  Include a URI that references another YANG instance data
      file.  This instance data file will use the same content-schema as
      the referenced YANG instance data file (if you don't want to
      repeat the info again and again).
   
   Additional methods, e.g., a YANG-package-based solution may be added
   later.

Note that the specified content-schema only indicates the set of modules that were used to define this YANG instance data set. Sometimes instance data may be used for a server supporting a different YANG module set (e.g., for the "Preloading default configuration data" use case, UC2 in Section 1, the instance data set may not be updated every time the YANG modules on the server are updated). Whether an instance data set originally defined using a specific content-schema is usable with another schema depends on many factors, including the number of differences and the compatibility between the original and the other schema when considering modules, revisions, features, deviations, the scope of the instance data, etc.

2.1.1. Inline Method

The "inline-yang-library" anydata data node carries instance data (conforming to "ietf-yang-library@2019-01-04") [RFC8525] that specifies the content-defining YANG modules, including revision, supported features, deviations, and any additional relevant data. An example of the inline method is provided in Section 2.2.1.

2.1.2. Simplified-Inline Method

The instance data set contains a list of content-defining YANG modules, including the revision date for each. Usage of this method implies that the modules are used without any deviations and with all features supported. YANG modules that are only required to satisfy import-only dependencies MAY be excluded from the leaf-list. If they are excluded, then the consumer of the instance data set has to apply the YANG language rules to resolve the imports. An example of the simplified-inline method is provided in Section 2.2.2.

2.1.3. URI Method

The "same-schema-as-file" leaf SHALL contain a URI that references another YANG instance data file. The current instance data file will use the same content-schema as the referenced file.

The referenced instance data file MAY have no content-data if it is used solely for specifying the content-schema.

If a referenced instance data file is unavailable, the content-schema is unknown.

The URI method is advantageous when the user wants to avoid the overhead of specifying the content-schema in each instance data file -- for example, in UC6, when the system creates a diagnostic file every minute to document the state of the server.

An example of the URI method is provided in Section 2.2.3.

2.2. Examples

2.2.1. Documentation of Server Capabilities

The example file acme-router-modules@2022-01-20.xml reflects UC1 in Section 1. It provides a list of supported YANG modules and NETCONF capabilities for a server. It uses the inline method to specify the content-schema.

The example uses artwork folding [RFC8792].

   ========== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ===========
   
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <instance-data-set xmlns=\
       "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-instance-data">
     <name>acme-router-modules</name>
     <content-schema>
       <inline-yang-library>
         <modules-state \
           xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-library">
           <module>
             <name>ietf-yang-library</name>
             <revision>2019-01-04</revision>
           </module>
           <module>
             <name>ietf-netconf-monitoring</name>
             <revision>2010-10-04</revision>
           </module>
         </modules-state>
       </inline-yang-library>
     </content-schema>
     <revision>
       <date>2020-10-23</date>
       <description>Initial version</description>
     </revision>
     <description>Defines the minimal set of modules that any \
         acme-router will contain. This minimal set will \
         only change when a new software release is \
         introduced.</description>
     <contact>info@acme.example.com</contact>
     <content-data>
       <modules-state \
           xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-library">
         <module>
           <name>ietf-yang-library</name>
           <revision>2019-01-04</revision>
           <namespace>\
             urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-library\
           </namespace>
           <conformance-type>implement</conformance-type>
         </module>
         <module>
           <name>ietf-system</name>
           <revision>2014-08-06</revision>
          <namespace>urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-system</namespace>
           <feature>sys:authentication</feature>
           <feature>sys:local-users</feature>
           <deviation>
             <name>acme-system-ext</name>
             <revision>2018-08-06</revision>
           </deviation>
           <conformance-type>implement</conformance-type>
         </module>
         <module>
           <name>ietf-netconf-monitoring</name>
           <revision>2010-10-04</revision>
           <namespace>\
             urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-monitoring\
           </namespace>
           <conformance-type>implement</conformance-type>
         </module>
         <module>
           <name>ietf-yang-types</name>
           <revision>2013-07-15</revision>
           <namespace>urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-types\
             </namespace>
           <conformance-type>import</conformance-type>
         </module>
         <module>
           <name>acme-system-ext</name>
           <revision>2018-08-06</revision>
           <namespace>\
             urn:rdns:acme.example.com:oammodel:acme-system-ext\
           </namespace>
           <conformance-type>implement</conformance-type>
         </module>
       </modules-state>
       <netconf-state \
           xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-monitoring">
         <capabilities>
           <capability>\
             urn:ietf:params:netconf:capability:validate:1.1\
           </capability>
         </capabilities>
       </netconf-state>
     </content-data>
   </instance-data-set>

Figure 1

2.2.2. Preloading Default Configuration Data

The example file read-only-acm-rules@2022-01-20.xml reflects UC2 in Section 1. It provides a default rule set for a read-only operator role. It uses the simplified-inline method for specifying the content-schema.

   ========== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ===========
   
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <instance-data-set
       xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-instance-data">
     <name>read-only-acm-rules</name>
     <content-schema>
       <module>ietf-netconf-acm@2018-02-14</module>
     </content-schema>
     <revision>
       <date>2018-07-04</date>
       <description>Initial version</description>
     </revision>
     <description>Default access control rules for a read-only \
         role. This set of rules will only change when a new  \
         software release is introduced.</description>
     <content-data>
       <nacm xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm">
         <enable-nacm>true</enable-nacm>
         <read-default>deny</read-default>
         <exec-default>deny</exec-default>
         <rule-list>
           <name>read-only-role</name>
           <group>read-only-group</group>
           <rule>
             <name>read-all</name>
             <module-name>*</module-name>
             <access-operation>read</access-operation>
             <action>permit</action>
           </rule>
         </rule-list>
       </nacm>
     </content-data>
   </instance-data-set>

Figure 2

2.2.3. Storing Diagnostics Data

The example file acme-router-netconf- diagnostics@2018-01-25T17_00_38Z.json reflects UC5 in Section 1. An instance data set that contains statistics about the NETCONF server is produced by the server every 15 minutes. As a new set is produced periodically many times a day, a revision-date would be useless; instead, a timestamp is included.

   ========== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ===========
   
   {
     "ietf-yang-instance-data:instance-data-set": {
       "name": "acme-router-netconf-diagnostics",
       "content-schema": {
         "same-schema-as-file": "file:///acme-diagnostics-schema.json"
       },
       "timestamp": "2018-01-25T17:00:38Z",
       "description":  ["NETCONF statistics, \
           The data may change at any time."],
       "content-data": {
         "ietf-netconf-monitoring:netconf-state": {
           "statistics": {
             "netconf-start-time ": "2018-12-05T17:45:00Z",
             "in-bad-hellos ": "32",
             "in-sessions ": "397",
             "dropped-sessions ": "87",
             "in-rpcs ": "8711",
             "in-bad-rpcs ": "408",
             "out-rpc-errors ": "408",
             "out-notifications": "39007"
           }
         }
       }
     }
   }

Figure 3

3. YANG Instance Data Model

3.1. Tree Diagram

The following tree diagram [RFC8340] provides an overview of the data model.

   module: ietf-yang-instance-data
     structure instance-data-set:
       +--name?                string
       +--format-version?      string
       +--includes-defaults?   enumeration
       +--content-schema
       |  +--(content-schema-spec)?
       |     +--:(simplified-inline)
       |     |  +--module*                module-with-revision-date
       |     +--:(inline)
       |     |  +--inline-yang-library    <anydata>
       |     +--:(uri)
       |        +--same-schema-as-file?   inet:uri
       +--description*         string
       +--contact?             string
       +--organization?        string
       +--datastore?           ds:datastore-ref
       +--revision* [date]
       |  +--date           string
       |  +--description?   string
       +--timestamp?           yang:date-and-time
       +--content-data?        <anydata>

3.2. YANG Model

   This YANG module imports typedefs from [RFC6991], [RFC6243],
   identities from [RFC8342], and the "structure" extension from
   [RFC8791].  It also references [RFC8525].
   
   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-yang-instance-data@2022-02-17.yang"
   module ietf-yang-instance-data {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-instance-data";
     prefix yid;
   
     import ietf-yang-structure-ext {
       prefix sx;
       reference
         "RFC 8791: YANG Data Structure Extensions";
     }
     import ietf-datastores {
       prefix ds;
       reference
         "RFC 8342: Network Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA)";
     }
     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix inet;
       reference
         "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
     }
     import ietf-yang-types {
       prefix yang;
       reference
         "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
     }
     import ietf-netconf-with-defaults {
       prefix ncwd;
       reference
         "RFC 6243: With-defaults Capability for NETCONF";
     }
   
     organization
       "IETF NETMOD Working Group";
     contact
       "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
        WG List:  <mailto:netmod@ietf.org>
   
        Author:  Balazs Lengyel
           <mailto:balazs.lengyel@ericsson.com>
   
        Author:  Benoit Claise
           <mailto:benoit.claise@huawei.com>";
     description
       "The module defines the structure and content of YANG
        instance data sets.

The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Copyright © 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as authors of the code. All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 9195
        (https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9195); see the RFC itself
        for full legal notices.";
     
     revision 2022-02-17 {
       description
         "Initial revision.";
       reference
         "RFC 9195: YANG Instance Data File Format";
     }
     
     typedef module-with-revision-date {
       type string {
         pattern '[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_.]*'
               + '(@\d{4}-(1[0-2]|0[1-9])-(0[1-9]|[1|2][0-9]|3[0-1]))?';
         pattern '.|..|[^xX].*|.[^mM].*|..[^lL].*';
       }
       description
         "A type defining a module name and an optional revision
          date, e.g., ietf-yang-library@2019-01-04.";
     }
     
     sx:structure instance-data-set {
       description
         "A data structure to define a format for YANG instance
          data.  The majority of the YANG nodes provides metadata
          about the instance data; the instance data itself is
          contained only in the 'content-data' node.";
       leaf name {
         type string;
         description
           "An arbitrary name for the YANG instance data set.  This
            value is primarily used for descriptive purposes.  However,
            when the instance data set is saved to a file, then the
            filename MUST encode the name's value per Section 2
            of RFC 9195.";
       }
       leaf format-version {
         type string {
           pattern '\d{4}-(1[0-2]|0[1-9])-(0[1-9]|[1|2][0-9]|3[0-1])';
         }
         default "2022-01-20";
         description
           "The 'revision' of the 'ietf-yang-instance-data' module
            used to encode this 'instance-data-set'.";
       }
       leaf includes-defaults {
         type ncwd:with-defaults-mode;
         default "report-all";
         description
           "Indicates how data nodes with default values are
            represented for all data nodes contained in the
            instance-data-set.

It uses the same definitions as per Section 3 of RFC 6243 but applied in the context of an instance data file rather than a NETCONF request using the <with-defaults> parameter.

            For JSON files, the encoding of the 'report-all-tagged'
            option is as defined in Section 4.8.9 of RFC 8040.";
         reference
           "RFC 6243: With-defaults Capability for NETCONF";
       }
       container content-schema {
         description
           "The content schema (i.e., YANG modules) used to create
            the instance data set.
            If not present, the user needs to obtain the information
            through external documents.";
         choice content-schema-spec {
           description
             "Specification of the content-schema.";
           case simplified-inline {
             leaf-list module {
               type module-with-revision-date;
               min-elements 1;
               description
                 "The list of content-defining YANG modules.

The value SHALL start with the module name. If the module contains a revision statement, the revision date SHALL be included in the leaf-list entry, e.g., ietf-yang-library@2019-01-04.

                  Usage of this leaf-list implies the modules are
                  used without any deviations and with all features
                  supported. Multiple revisions of the same module
                  MUST NOT be specified.";
             }
           }
           case inline {
             anydata inline-yang-library {
               mandatory true;
               description
                 "Instance data corresponding to the
                  ietf-yang-library@2019-01-04 defining
                  the set of content-defining YANG modules for
                  this instance-data-set.";
             }
           }
           case uri {
             leaf same-schema-as-file {
               type inet:uri;
               description
                 "A reference to another YANG instance data file.
                  This instance data file uses the same
                  content schema as the referenced file.

Referenced files using the 'inline' or the 'simplified-inline' methods MUST be supported. Referenced files using the 'URI method' MAY be supported.

                  The URL schemes 'file://' and 'https://' MUST
                  be supported; other schemes MAY also be
                  supported.";
             }
           }
         }
       }
       leaf-list description {
         type string;
         description
           "Description of the instance data set.";
       }
       leaf contact {
         type string;
         description
           "Contact information for the person or
            organization to whom queries concerning this
            instance data set should be sent.";
       }
       leaf organization {
         type string;
         description
           "Organization responsible for the instance
            data set.";
       }
       leaf datastore {
         type ds:datastore-ref;
         description
           "The identity of the datastore with which the
            instance data set is associated, e.g., the datastore from
            where the data was read, the datastore into which the data
            may be loaded, or the datastore that is being documented.
            If a single specific datastore cannot be specified, the
            leaf MUST be absent.
       
            If this leaf is absent, then the datastore to which the
            instance data belongs is unspecified.";
       }
       list revision {
         key "date";
         description
           "Instance data sets that are produced as
            a result of some sort of specification or design effort
            SHOULD have at least one revision entry.  For every
            published editorial change, a new unique revision SHOULD
            be added in front of the revisions sequence so that all
            revisions are in reverse chronological order.
       
            In cases of instance data sets that are read from
            or produced by a server or otherwise subject to
            frequent updates or changes, revision
            SHOULD NOT be present.";
         leaf date {
           type string {
             pattern '\d{4}-(1[0-2]|0[1-9])-(0[1-9]|[1|2][0-9]|3[0-1])';
           }
           description
             "Specifies the date the instance data set
              was last modified. Formatted as YYYY-MM-DD.";
         }
         leaf description {
           type string;
           description
             "Description of this revision of the instance data set.";
         }
       }
       leaf timestamp {
         type yang:date-and-time;
         description
           "The date and time when the instance data set
            was last modified.

In cases of instance data sets that are read from or

produced by a server or otherwise subject to frequent

updates or changes, the timestamp SHOULD be present.

            If both a revision list entry and timestamp are present,
            the timestamp SHOULD contain the same date as the
            latest revision statement.";
       }
       anydata content-data {
         description
           "Contains the real instance data.
            The data MUST conform to the relevant YANG modules
            specified either in the content-schema or in some other
            implementation-specific manner.";
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

4. Security Considerations

The YANG module defined in this document only defines a wrapper structure specifying a format and a metadata header for YANG instance data defined by the content-schema. Because of this, the security considerations template for YANG models in Section 3.7.1 of [RFC8407] is not followed. The instance data is designed to be accessed as a stored file or over any file access method or protocol.

The document does not specify any method to influence the behavior of a server.

The header part is usually not security sensitive; however, sensitive information may be included, in which case it needs to be handled securely, as mentioned below. Information to consider includes:

• If the URI method is used for specification of the content-schema and the URI includes a userinfo subcomponent

• Any description text

The content part may contain sensitive data. The security sensitivity of this data is completely dependent on the content- schema. Depending on the nature of the instance data, instance data files MAY need to be handled securely. The same kind of handling should be applied to this file at rest and in transit that would be needed for the result of a read operation returning the same data. These in-transit protection mechanisms will also mitigate integrity issues when transporting the file.

Instance data files should be protected against modification or unauthorized access using normal file-handling mechanisms. When copying the original files or providing file access for additional users, care should be taken not to reveal information unintentionally.

If the URI method is used for specification of the content-schema, there is a risk that the config schema section in the referenced YANG instance data file may be altered maliciously or even as part of its normal handling. In this case, the content-schema might differ from the one expected. Protecting the integrity and stability of the referenced file should be ensured.

5. IANA Considerations

This document registers one URI and one YANG module.

5.1. URI Registration

This document registers the following URI in the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:

   URI:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-instance-data
   Registrant Contact:  The IESG.
   XML:  N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

5.2. YANG Module Name Registration

This document registers the following YANG module in the "YANG Module Names" registry [RFC6020]:

   Name:  ietf-yang-instance-data
   Namespace:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-instance-data
   Prefix:  yid
   Reference:  RFC 9195

6. References

6.1. Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
   
   [RFC5234]  Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
   
   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
   
   [RFC6243]  Bierman, A. and B. Lengyel, "With-defaults Capability for
              NETCONF", RFC 6243, DOI 10.17487/RFC6243, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6243>.
   
   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.
   
   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
   
   [RFC7951]  Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
              RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7951>.
   
   [RFC7952]  Lhotka, L., "Defining and Using Metadata with YANG",
              RFC 7952, DOI 10.17487/RFC7952, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7952>.
   
   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
   
   [RFC8342]  Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
              and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture
              (NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8342>.
   
   [RFC8525]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Watsen, K.,
              and R. Wilton, "YANG Library", RFC 8525,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8525, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8525>.
   
   [RFC8526]  Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
              and R. Wilton, "NETCONF Extensions to Support the Network
              Management Datastore Architecture", RFC 8526,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8526, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8526>.
   
   [RFC8527]  Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
              and R. Wilton, "RESTCONF Extensions to Support the Network
              Management Datastore Architecture", RFC 8527,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8527, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8527>.
   
   [RFC8791]  Bierman, A., Björklund, M., and K. Watsen, "YANG Data
              Structure Extensions", RFC 8791, DOI 10.17487/RFC8791,
              June 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8791>.

6.2. Informative References

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
   
   [RFC8340]  Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
              BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.
   
   [RFC8407]  Bierman, A., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of
              Documents Containing YANG Data Models", BCP 216, RFC 8407,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8407, October 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8407>.
   
   [RFC8632]  Vallin, S. and M. Bjorklund, "A YANG Data Model for Alarm
              Management", RFC 8632, DOI 10.17487/RFC8632, September
              2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8632>.
   
   [RFC8641]  Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
              for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
              September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.
   
   [RFC8792]  Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu,
              "Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and
              RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, June 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8792>.
   
   [RFC8808]  Wu, Q., Lengyel, B., and Y. Niu, "A YANG Data Model for
              Factory Default Settings", RFC 8808, DOI 10.17487/RFC8808,
              August 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8808>.

Appendix A. Backwards Compatibility

The concept of "backwards compatibility" and what changes are backwards compatible are not defined for instance data sets as they are highly dependent on the specific use case and the content-schema.

In case of "instance data sets" that are the result of design or specification activity, some changes that may be good to avoid are listed below.

YANG uses the concept of managed entities identified by key values; if the connection between the represented entity and the key value is not preserved during an update, this may lead to the following problems.

• If the key value of a list entry that represents the same managed entity as before is changed, the user may mistakenly identify the list entry as new.

• If the meaning of a list entry is changed but the key values are not (e.g., redefining an alarm-type but not changing its alarm- type-id), the change may not be noticed.

• If the key value of a previously removed list entry is reused for a different entity, the change may be misinterpreted as reintroducing the previous entity.

Appendix B. Detailed Use Cases

This section is non-normative.

B.1. Use Case 1: Early Documentation of Server Capabilities

A server has a number of server capabilities that are defined in YANG modules and can be retrieved from the server using protocols like NETCONF or RESTCONF. Server capabilities include:

• data defined in "ietf-yang-library": YANG modules, submodules, features, deviations, schema-mounts, and datastores supported ([RFC8525]).

• alarms supported ([RFC8632]).

• data nodes and subtrees that support or do not support on-change notifications ([RFC8641]).

• netconf-capabilities in ietf-netconf-monitoring.

While it is good practice to allow a client to query these capabilities from the live server, that is often not possible.

Often when a network node is released, an associated Network Management System (NMS) is also released with it. The NMS depends on the capabilities of the server. During NMS implementation, information about server capabilities is needed. If the information is unavailable early in some offline document but only as instance data from the live network node, the NMS implementation will be delayed because it has to wait until the network node is ready. Also, assuming that all NMS implementors will have correctly configured network nodes from which data can be retrieved is a very expensive proposition. (An NMS may handle dozens of node types.)

Network operators often build their own homegrown NMS systems that need to be integrated with a vendor's network node. The operator needs to know the network node's server capabilities in order to do this. Moreover, the network operator's decision to buy a vendor's product may even be influenced by the network node's Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) feature set documented as the server's capabilities.

Beside NMS implementors, system integrators and many others also need the same information early. Examples could be model-driven testing, generating documentation, etc.

Most server capabilities are relatively stable and change only during upgrade or due to licensing or the addition or removal of hardware. They are usually defined by a vendor at design time, before the product is released. It is feasible and advantageous to define and document them early, e.g., in a YANG instance data file.

It is anticipated that a separate IETF document will define in detail how and which set of server capabilities should be documented.

B.2. Use Case 2: Preloading Data

There are parts of the configuration that must be fully configurable by the operator. However, a simple default configuration often will be sufficient.

One example is access control groups/roles and related rules. While a sophisticated operator may define dozens of different groups, often a basic (read-only operator, read-write system administrator, security-administrator) triplet will be enough. Vendors will often provide such default configuration data to make device configuration easier for an operator.

The device vendor may define a set of default groups (/nacm:nacm/ groups) and rules for these groups to access specific parts of the common models (/nacm:nacm/rule-list/rule).

YANG instance data files can be used to document and/or preload the default configuration.

B.3. Use Case 3: Documenting Factory Default Settings

Nearly every server has a factory default configuration. If the system is really badly misconfigured or if the current configuration is to be abandoned, the system can be reset to the default factory configuration.

YANG instance data can be used to document the factory default configuration. See [RFC8808].

Acknowledgments

For their valuable comments, discussions, and feedback, we wish to acknowledge Andy Bierman, Juergen Schoenwaelder, Rob Wilton, Joe Clarke, Kent Watsen, Martin Bjorklund, Ladislav Lhotka, Qin Wu, and other members of the Netmod Working Group.

Authors' Addresses

Balazs Lengyel
Ericsson
Budapest
Magyar Tudosok korutja 11
1117
Hungary
Email: balazs.lengyel@ericsson.com

   Benoit Claise
   Huawei
   Email: benoit.claise@huawei.com