Network Working Group
Request for Comments: 3911
Category: Standards Track

R. Mahy
Airespace
D. Petrie
Pingtel
October 2004

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) "Join" Header

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

Abstract

This document defines a new header for use with SIP multi-party applications and call control. The Join header is used to logically join an existing SIP dialog with a new SIP dialog. This primitive can be used to enable a variety of features, for example: "Barge-In", answering-machine-style "Message Screening" and "Call Center Monitoring". Note that definition of these example features is non- normative.

   1.   Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.   Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.   Applicability of RFC 2804 ("Raven"). . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   4.   User Agent Server Behavior: Receiving a Join Header  . . . .   4
   5.   User Agent Client Behavior: Sending a Join header  . . . . .   6
   6.   Proxy behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   7.   Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
        7.1.  The Join Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
        7.2.  New option tag for Require and Supported headers . . .   8
   8.   Usage Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
        8.1.  Join accepted and transitioned to central conference .   9
        8.2.  Join rejected  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   9.   Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   10.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
        10.1. Registration of "Join" SIP header. . . . . . . . . . .  14
   
        10.2. Registration of "join" SIP Option-tag. . . . . . . . .  14
   11.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   12.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
        12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
        12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   13.  Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   14.  Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

1. Introduction

This document describes a SIP [1] extension header field as part of the SIP multiparty applications architecture framework [12]. The Join header is used to logically join an existing SIP dialog with a new SIP dialog. This is especially useful in peer-to-peer call control environments.

One use of the "Join" header is to insert a new participant into a multimedia conversation (which may be a two-party call or a SIP conference [15]). While this functionality is already available using 3rd party call control [17], style call control, the 3pcc model requires a central point of control which may not be desirable in many environments. As such, a method of performing these same call control primitives in a distributed, peer-to-peer fashion is very desirable.

Use of an explicit Join header is needed in some cases instead of addressing an INVITE to a conference URI for the following reasons:

A conference may not yet exist--the new invitation may be trying to join an ordinary two-party call.

The party joining may not know if the dialog it wants to join is part of a conference.

The party joining may not know the conference URI.

The Join header enables services such as barge-in, real-time message screening, and call center monitoring in a distributed peer-to-peer way. This list of services is not exhaustive.

For example, the Boss has an established 2-party conversation with a Customer, and using some out-of-band mechanism (e.g., voice, gestures, or email) asks an Assistant to join the conversation. The Assistant sends an INVITE with a Join header to the Boss with the dialog information for the established dialog. The Assistant obtained this information from some other mechanism, for example a web-page, an instant message, or from the SIP session dialog package [13].

   Assistant     Boss        Customer
   | callid: 4@A |  callid: 7@c |
   |             |              |
   |             |<============>|
   |             |              |
   |INVITE------>|              |
   |Join: 7@c    |              |
   |             |reINVITE----->|
   |<----200-----|<----200------|
   |-----ACK---->|<----ACK------|
   |             |              |
   |   .. begins mixing ..      |
   |             |              |
   |<===========>|<============>|
   |<::::::::::::::::::::::::::>|
   
   Note that this operation effectively creates a new conference.  The
   Boss needs to cause a new conference to start (and consequently
   create or obtain a new conference URI).   In our example, the Boss
   mixes all media locally, so it needs to generate a new conference
   URI, return the conference URI as the Contact to the Join INVITE
   (with the "isfocus" Contact header field parameter as defined in [6],
   and reINVITE or UPDATE [22] the Customer with the conference URI as
   the new Contact.  This scenario is also discussed in more detail in
   [16].

2. Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [2].

This document refers frequently to the terms "confirmed dialog" and "early dialog". These are defined in Section 12 of SIP [1].

3. Applicability of RFC 2804 ("Raven")

This primitive can be used to create services which are used for monitoring purposes, however these services do not meet the definition of a wiretap according to RFC 2804 [14]. The definition from RFC 2804 is included here:

Wiretapping is what occurs when information passed across the Internet from one party to one or more other parties is delivered to a third party:

Without the sending party knowing about the third party

Without any of the recipient parties knowing about the delivery to the third party

When the normal expectation of the sender is that the transmitted information will only be seen by the recipient parties or parties obliged to keep the information in confidence

When the third party acts deliberately to target the transmission of the first party, either because he is of interest, or because the second party's reception is of interest.

Specifically, item 2 of this definition does not apply to this extension, as one party is always aware of a Join request and can even decline such requests. In addition, in many applications of this primitive, some or all of the other items may not apply. For example, in many call centers which handle financial transactions, all conversations are recorded with the full knowledge and expectation of all parties involved.

4. User Agent Server Behavior: Receiving a Join Header

The Join header contains information used to match an existing SIP dialog (call-id, to-tag, and from-tag). Upon receiving an INVITE with a Join header, the UA attempts to match this information with a confirmed or early dialog. The to-tag and from-tag parameters are matched as if they were tags present in an incoming request. In other words the to-tag parameter is compared to the local tag, and the from-tag parameter is compared to the remote tag.

If more than one Join header field is present in an INVITE, or if a Join header field is present in a request other than INVITE, the UAS MUST reject the request with a 400 Bad Request response.

The Join header has specific call control semantics. If both a Join header field and another header field with contradictory semantics (for example a Replaces [8] header field) are present in a request, the request MUST be rejected with a 400 "Bad Request" response.

If the Join header field matches more than one dialog, the UA MUST act as if no match is found.

If no match is found, but the Request-URI in the INVITE corresponds to a conference URI, the UAS MUST ignore the Join header and continue processing the INVITE as if the Join header did not exist. This allows User Agents which receive an INVITE with Join to redirect the request directly to a conference URI.

Otherwise if no match is found, the UAS rejects the INVITE and returns a 481 Call/Transaction Does Not Exist response. Likewise, if the Join header field matches a dialog which was not created with an INVITE, the UAS MUST reject the request with a 481 response.

If the Join header field matches a dialog which has already terminated, the UA SHOULD decline the request with a 603 Declined response.

If the Join header field matches an active dialog (n.b. unlike the Replaces header, the Join header has no limitation on its use with early dialogs), the UA MUST verify that the initiator of the new INVITE is authorized to join the matched dialog. If the initiator of the new INVITE has authenticated successfully as equivalent to the user who is being joined, then the join is authorized. For example, if the user being joined and the initiator of the joining dialog share the same credentials for Digest authentication [4], or they sign the join request with S/MIME [5] with the same private key and present the (same) corresponding certificate used in the original dialog, then the join is authorized.

Alternatively, the Referred-By mechanism [9] defines a mechanism that the UAS can use to verify that a join request was sent on behalf of the other participant in the matched dialog (in this case, triggered by a REFER request). If the join request contains a Referred-By header which corresponds to the user being joined, the UA SHOULD treat the join as if it was authorized by the joined party. The Referred-By header MUST reference a corresponding, valid Refererred- By Authenticated Identity Body [10]. The UA MAY apply other local policy to authorize the remainder of the request. In other words, the UAS may apply different policy to the joined dialog than was applied to the target dialog.

The UA MAY also maintain a list of authorized entities who are allowed to join any dialog with certain characteristics (for example, all dialogs placed in the call center context of the UA). In addition, the UA MAY use other authorization mechanisms defined for this purpose in standards track extensions. For example, an extension could define a mechanism for transitively asserting authorization of a join.

If authorization is successful, the UA attempts to accept the new INVITE, and assign any mixing or conferencing resources necessary to complete the join. If the UA cannot accept the new INVITE (for example: it cannot establish required QoS or keying, or it has incompatible media), the UA MUST return an appropriate error response and MUST leave the matched dialog unchanged.

A User Agent that accepts a Join header needs to setup dialogs or conferences such that the requesting UAC is logically added to the conversation space associated with the matched dialog. Any dialogs which are already logically associated with the matched dialog in the same conversation space are included as well. For a detailed description of various conferencing mechanisms that could be used to handle a Join, please consult the SIP conferencing framework [15].

If the UAS has sufficient resources to locally handle the Join request, the UAS SHOULD accept the Join request and perform the appropriate media mixing or combining. The UAS MAY rearrange appropriate dialogs instead as described below, based on some local policy.

If the UAS does not have sufficient resources locally to handle the request, or does not wish to use these local resources, but is aware of other resources which could be used to satisfy the request (e.g., a centralized conference server), the UA SHOULD create a conference using this resource (e.g., INVITE the conference server to obtain a conference URI), redirect the requestor to this resource, and request other participants in the same conversation space to use this resource. The UA MAY use any appropriate mechanism to transition participants to the new resource (e.g., 3xx response, 3rd-party call control reinvitiations, REFER requests, or reinvitations to a multicast group). The UA SHOULD only use mechanisms which are expected to be acceptable to the other participants. For example, the UA SHOULD NOT attempt to transition the participants to a multicast group unless the UA can reasonably expect that all the participants can support multicast.

If the UAS is incapable of satisfying the Join request, it MUST return a 488 "Not Acceptable Here" response.

5. User Agent Client Behavior: Sending a Join header

A User Agent that wishes to add a new dialog of its own to a single existing early or confirmed dialog and any associated dialogs or conferences, MAY send the target User Agent an INVITE request containing a Join header field. The UAC places the Call-ID, to-tag, and from-tag information for the target dialog in a single Join header field and sends the new INVITE to the target.

If the User Agent receives a 300-class response, and acts on this response by sending an INVITE to a Contact in the response, this redirected INVITE MUST contain the same Join header which was present in the original request. Although this is unusual, this allows INVITE requests with a Join header to be redirected before reaching the target UAS.

Note that use of the Join mechanism does not provide a way to match multiple dialogs, nor does it provide a way to match an entire call, an entire transaction, or to follow a chain of proxy forking logic.

6. Proxy behavior

Proxy Servers do not require any new behavior to support this extension. They simply pass the Join header field transparently as described in the SIP specification.

Note that it is possible for a proxy (especially when forking based on some application layer logic, such as caller screening or time- of-day routing) to forward an INVITE request containing a Join header field to a completely orthogonal set of Contacts than the original request it was intended to replace. In this case, the INVITE request with the Join header field will fail.

7. Syntax

7.1. The Join Header

The Join header field indicates that a new dialog (created by the INVITE in which the Join header field in contained) should be joined with a dialog identified by the header field, and any associated dialogs or conferences. It is a request header only, and defined only for INVITE requests. The Join header field MAY be encrypted as part of end-to-end encryption. Only a single Join header field value may be present in a SIP request

This document adds the following entry to Table 3 of [1]. Additions to this table are also provided for extension methods defined at the time of publication of this document. This is provided as a courtesy to the reader and is not normative in any way. MESSAGE, SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY, REFER, INFO, UPDATE, PRACK, and PUBLISH are defined respectively in [19], [20], [7], [21], [22], [23], and [24].

   Header field    where   proxy   ACK  BYE  CAN  INV  OPT  REG  MSG
   ------------    -----   -----   ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
   Join              R              -    -    -    o    -    -    -
   
                                   SUB  NOT  REF  INF  UPD  PRA  PUB
                                   ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
   Join              R              -    -    -    -    -    -    -

The following syntax specification uses the augmented Backus-Naur Form (BNF) as described in RFC 2234 [3].

      Join            = "Join" HCOLON callid *(SEMI join-param)
      join-param      = to-tag / from-tag / generic-param
      to-tag          = "to-tag" EQUAL token
      from-tag        = "from-tag" EQUAL token

A Join header MUST contain exactly one to-tag and exactly one from- tag, as they are required for unique dialog matching. For compatibility with dialogs initiated by RFC 2543 [11] compliant UAs, a to-tag of zero matches both a to-tag value of zero and a null to- tag. Likewise, a from-tag of zero matches both a to-tag value of zero and a null from-tag.

Examples:

      Join: 98732@sip.example.com
             ;from-tag=r33th4x0r
             ;to-tag=ff87ff
      
      Join: 12adf2f34456gs5;to-tag=12345;from-tag=54321
      
      Join: 87134@192.0.2.23;to-tag=24796;from-tag=0

7.2. New option tag for Require and Supported headers

This specification defines a new Require/Supported header option tag "join". UAs which support the Join header MUST include the "join" option tag in a Supported header field. UAs that want explicit failure notification if Join is not supported MAY include the "join" option in a Require header field.

Example:

Require:

               join, 100rel

8. Usage Examples

The following non-normative examples are not intended to enumerate all the possibilities for the usage of this extension, but rather to provide examples or ideas only. For more examples, please see service-examples [18].

8.1. Join accepted and transitioned to central conference

   A             B              C            conf
   |             |  callid: 7@c |              |
   |             |              |              |
   |             |<-INVITE------|              | *1
   |             |-----200----->|              | *2
   |             |<----ACK------|              | *3
   |             |<============>|              |
   |             |              |              |
   |INVITE------>|              |              | *4
   |Join: 7@c    |--INVITE-------------------->| *5
   |             |<----200---------------------| *6
   |             |-----ACK-------------------->|
   |<----302-----|              |              | *7
   |-----ACK---->|              |              |
   |INVITE------------------------------------>| *8
   |<--200-------------------------------------| *9
   |---ACK------------------------------------>|
   |             |--REFER------>|              | *10
   |             |<---202-------|              |
   |             |<--NOTIFY-----|--INVITE-*11->|
   |             |------200---->|<----200-*12--|
   |             |<--NOTIFY-----|-----ACK----->|
   |             |------200---->|              |
   |             |---BYE------->|              |
   |             |<--200--------|              |
   |             |              |              |
   |<=========================================>| mixes the
   |             |<===========================>| three sessions
   |             |              |<============>| together

The conversation now appears identical to the locally mixed one from the example in the Introduction. Details of how the Join are implemented are transparent to A. B could have used 3rd party call control instead to move the necessary sessions.

   Message *1: C -> B
   
   INVITE sip:bob@example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <bob@example.org>
   From: <carol@example.org>;tag=xyz
   Call-Id: 7@c.example.org
   CSeq 1 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:carol@c.example.org>
   Message *2: B -> C
   
   SIP/2.0 200 OK
   To: <bob@example.org>;tag=pdq
   From: <carol@example.org>;tag=xyz
   Call-Id: 7@c.example.org
   CSeq 1 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:bob@b.example.org>
   
   Message *3: C -> B
   
   ACK sip:carol@c.example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <bob@example.org>;tag=pdq
   From: <carol@example.org>;tag=xyz
   Call-Id: 7@c.example.org
   CSeq 1 INVITE
   
   Message *4: A ->  B
   
   INVITE sip:bob@b.example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <sip:bob@example.org>
   From: <sip:alice@example.org>;tag=iii
   Call-Id: 777@a.example.org
   CSeq: 1 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:alice@a.example.org>
   Join: 7@c.example.org;to-tag=xyz;from-tag=pdq
   
   Message *5: B -> conf
   
   INVITE sip:conf-factory@example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <sip:conf-factory@example.org>
   From: <sip:bob@example.org>;tag=abc
   Call-Id: 999@b.example.org
   CSeq: 1INVITE
   Contact: <sip:bob@b.example.org>
   
   Message *6: conf -> B
   
   SIP/2.0 200 OK
   To: <sip:conf-factory@example.org>;tag=def
   From: <sip:bob@example.org>;tag=abc
   Call-Id: 999@b.example.org
   CSeq: 1INVITE
   Contact: <sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org>;isfocus
   Message *7: B -> A
   
   SIP/2.0 302 Moved Temporarily
   To: <sip:bob@example.org>
   From: <sip:alice@example.org>;tag=iii
   Call-Id: 777@a.example.org
   CSeq: 1 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org>;isfocus
   
   Message *8: A -> conf
   
   INVITE sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <sip:bob@example.org>
   From: <sip:alice@example.org>;tag=iii
   Call-Id: 777@a.example.org
   CSeq: 2 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:alice@a.example.org>
   Join: 7@c.example.org;to-tag=xyz;from-tag=pdq

Message *9: conf ->A

   SIP/2.0 200 OK
   To: <sip:bob@example.org>;tag=jjj
   From: <sip:alice@example.org>;tag=iii
   Call-Id: 777@a.example.org
   CSeq: 2 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org>;isfocus
   
   Message *10: B -> C
   
   REFER sip:carol@c.example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <carol@example.org>;tag=xyz
   From: <bob@example.org>;tag=pdq
   Call-Id: 7@c.example.org
   CSeq: 1 REFER
   Contact: <sip:bob@b.example.org>
   Refer-To: <sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org>
   Referred-By: <sip:bob@b.example.org>
   
   Message *11: C -> conf
   
   INVITE sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org>
   From: <carol@example.org>;tag=mmm
   Call-Id: 34343@c.example.com
   CSeq: 1 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:carol@c.example.com>
   Referred-By: <sip:bob@b.example.org>
   
   Message *12: C -> conf
   
   SIP/2.0 200 OK
   To: <sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org>
   From: <carol@example.org>;tag=mmm
   Call-Id: 34343@c.example.com
   CSeq: 1 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:conf456@conf-srv2.example.org>;isfocus
   Referred-By: <sip:bob@b.example.org>

8.2. Join rejected

   A             B              C
   |             |  callid: 7@c |
   |             |              |
   |             |<============>|
   |             |              |
   |INVITE------>|  *1          |
   |Join: 7@c    |              |
   |             |              |
   |<----486-----|  *2          |
   |-----ACK---->|              |
   |             |              |

In this example B is Busy (does not want to be disturbed), and therefore does not wish to add A. B could also decline the request with a 603 response.

   Message *1: A ->  B
   
   INVITE sip:bob@b.example.org SIP/2.0
   To: <sip:bob@example.org>
   From: <sip:alice@example.org>;tag=iii
   Call-Id: 777@a.example.org
   CSeq: 1 INVITE
   Contact: <sip:alice@a.example.org>
   Join: 7@c.example.org;to-tag=xyz;from-tag=pdq
   Message *2: B -> A
   
   SIP/2.0 486 Busy
   To: <sip:bob@example.org>
   From: <sip:alice@example.org>;tag=iii
   Call-Id: 777@a.example.org
   CSeq: 1 INVITE

9. Security Considerations

The extension specified in this document significantly changes the relative security of SIP devices. Currently in SIP, even if an eavesdropper learns the Call-ID, To, and From headers of a dialog, they cannot easily modify or destroy that dialog if Digest authentication or end-to-end message integrity are used.

This extension can be used to insert or monitor potentially sensitive content in a multimedia conversation. As such, invitations with the Join header MUST only be accepted if the peer requesting replacement has been properly authenticated using a standard SIP mechanism (Digest or S/MIME), and authorized to be joined with the target dialog. (All SIP implementations are already required to support Digest Authentication.) Generally authorization for joins are configured as a matter of local policy as long-duration persistent relationships.

For example, the UAs used by call center agents might be configured with a list of identities who could join their calls (supervisors and any call center monitoring User Agents). Alternatively the call center agents might rely on transitive authorization assertions from a (shorter) list of authorized hosts (e.g., a certificate authority). For answering-machine-style message screening this is even easier. Presumably the user screening their messages already has some credentials with their messaging server.

Some mechanisms for obtaining the dialog information needed by the Join header (Call-ID, to-tag, and from-tag) include URIs on a web page, subscriptions to an appropriate event package, and notifications after a REFER request. Use of end-to-end security mechanisms to integrity protect and encrypt this information is also RECOMMENDED.

This extension was designed to take advantage of future signature or authorization schemes defined by standards track extensions. In general, call control features would benefit considerably from such work.

Section 4 describes specific mechanisms for authorization using Digest Authentication and S/MIME (RFC 3261) and Referred-by [9], the currently available capabilities in SIP.

10. IANA Considerations

10.1. Registration of "Join" SIP header

   Name of Header:          Join
   
   Short form:              none
   
   Normative description:   section 7.1 of this document

10.2. Registration of "join" SIP Option-tag

   Name of option:          join
   
   Description:             Support for the SIP Join header
   
   SIP headers defined:     Join
   
   Normative description:   This document

11. Acknowledgments

Thanks to Robert Sparks, Alan Johnston, and Ben Campbell and many other members of the SIP WG for their continued support of the cause of distributed call control in SIP.

12. References

12.1. Normative References

   [1]   Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
         Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
         Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
   
   [2]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
   
   [3]   Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
         Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
   
   [4]   Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S.,
         Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP Authentication:
         Basic and Digest Access Authentication", RFC 2617, June 1999.
   
   [5]   Ramsdell, B., "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
         (S/MIME) Version 3.1 Message Specification", RFC 3851, July
         2004.
   
   [6]   Rosenberg, J., "Indicating User Agent Capabilities in the
         Session Initiation Protocol  (SIP)", RFC 3840, August 2004.

12.2. Informative References

   [7]   Sparks, R., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Refer
         Method", RFC 3515, April 2003.
   
   [8]   Dean, R., Biggs, B., and R. Mahy, "The Session Initiation
         Protocol (SIP) "Replaces" Header", RFC 3891, September 2004.
   
   [9]   Sparks, R., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Referred-By
         Mechanism", RFC 3892, September 2004.
   
   [10]  Peterson, J., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Authenticated
         Identity Body (AIB) Format", RFC 3893, September 2004.
   
   [11]  Handley, M., Schulzrinne, H., Schooler, E., and J. Rosenberg,
         "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 2543, March 1999.
   
   [12]  Mahy, R., "A Call Control and Multi-party usage framework for
         the Session  Initiation Protocol (SIP)", Work in Progress,
         March 2003.
   
   [13]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An INVITE Initiated Dialog
         Event Package for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", Work
         in Progress, March 2003.
   
   [14]  IAB and IESG, "IETF Policy on Wiretapping", RFC 2804, May 2000.
   
   [15]  Rosenberg, J., "A Framework for Conferencing with the Session
         Initiation Protocol", Work in Progress, May 2003.
   
   [16]  Johnston, A. and O. Levin, "Session Initiation Protocol Call
         Control - Conferencing for User  Agents", Work in Progress,
         April 2003.
   
   [17]  Rosenberg, J., Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and G. Camarillo,
         "Best Current Practices for Third Party Call Control (3pcc) in
         the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", BCP 85, RFC 3725, April
         2004.
   
   [18]  Johnston, A. and S. Donovan, "Session Initiation Protocol
         Service Examples", Work in Progress, March 2003.
   
   [19]  Campbell, B., Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Huitema, C., and
         D. Gurle, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for
         Instant Messaging", RFC 3428, December 2002.
   
   [20]  Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event
         Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002.
   
   [21]  Donovan, S., "The SIP INFO Method", RFC 2976, October 2000.
   
   [22]  Rosenberg, J., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) UPDATE
         Method", RFC 3311, October 2002.
   
   [23]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Reliability of Provisional
         Responses in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3262, June
         2002.
   
   [24]  Campbell, B., "SIMPLE Presence Publication Mechanism", Work in
         Progress, February 2003.

13. Authors' Addresses

Rohan Mahy
Airespace
110 Nortech Parkway
San Jose, CA 95134
USA

EMail:

          rohan@airespace.com
   
   Dan Petrie
   Pingtel
   400 West Cummings Park, Suite 2200
   Woburn, MA  01801
   USA

EMail:

          dpetrie@pingtel.com

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