BT
D. Brungard, Ed.
AT&T
M. Betts, Ed.
Huawei Technologies
N. Sprecher
Nokia Siemens Networks
S. Ueno
NTT Communications
September 2009
Requirements of an MPLS Transport Profile
Abstract
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This document specifies the requirements of an MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). This document is a product of a joint effort of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and IETF to include an MPLS Transport Profile within the IETF MPLS and PWE3 architectures to support the capabilities and functionalities of a packet transport network as defined by International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T).
This work is based on two sources of requirements: MPLS and PWE3 architectures as defined by IETF, and packet transport networks as defined by ITU-T.
The requirements expressed in this document are for the behavior of the protocol mechanisms and procedures that constitute building blocks out of which the MPLS Transport Profile is constructed. The requirements are not implementation requirements.
Status of This Memo
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This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright and License Notice
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Copyright © 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the BSD License.
Table of Contents
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1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3. Transport Network Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4. Layer Network Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. MPLS-TP Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2. Layering Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3. Data Plane Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4. Control Plane Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.5. Recovery Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.5.1. Data-Plane Behavior Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5.1.1. Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5.1.2. Sharing of Protection Resources . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5.2. Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5.3. Triggers for Protection, Restoration, and Reversion . 22 2.5.4. Management-Plane Operation of Protection and Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5.5. Control Plane and In-Band OAM Operation of Recovery . 23 2.5.6. Topology-Specific Recovery Mechanisms . . . . . . . . 24 2.5.6.1. Ring Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.6. QoS Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3. Requirements Discussed in Other Documents . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1. Network Management Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2. Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3. Network Performance-Monitoring Requirements . . . . . . . 28 3.4. Security Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Introduction
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Bandwidth demand continues to grow worldwide, stimulated by the accelerating growth and penetration of new packet-based services and multimedia applications:
- Packet-based services such as Ethernet, Voice over IP (VoIP), Layer 2 (L2) / Layer 3 (L3) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), IP television (IPTV), Radio Access Network (RAN) backhauling, etc.
- Applications with various bandwidth and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements.
This growth in demand has resulted in dramatic increases in access rates that are, in turn, driving dramatic increases in metro and core network bandwidth requirements.
Over the past two decades, the evolving optical transport infrastructure (Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Optical Transport Network (OTN)) has provided carriers with a high benchmark for reliability and operational simplicity.
With the movement towards packet-based services, the transport network has to evolve to encompass the provision of packet-aware capabilities while enabling carriers to leverage their installed, as well as planned, transport infrastructure investments.
Carriers are in need of technologies capable of efficiently supporting packet-based services and applications on their transport networks with guaranteed Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The need to increase their revenue while remaining competitive forces operators to look for the lowest network Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Investment in equipment and facilities (Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX) should be minimized.
There are a number of technology options for carriers to meet the challenge of increased service sophistication and transport efficiency, with increasing usage of hybrid packet-transport and circuit-transport technology solutions. To realize these goals, it is essential that packet-transport technology be available that can support the same high benchmarks for reliability and operational simplicity set by SDH/SONET and OTN technologies.
Furthermore, for carriers it is important that operation of such packet transport networks should preserve the look-and-feel to which carriers have become accustomed in deploying their optical transport networks, while providing common, multi-layer operations, resiliency, control, and multi-technology management.
Transport carriers require control and deterministic usage of network resources. They need end-to-end control to engineer network paths and to efficiently utilize network resources. They require capabilities to support static (management-plane-based) or dynamic (control-plane-based) provisioning of deterministic, protected, and secured services and their associated resources.
It is also important to ensure smooth interworking of the packet transport network with other existing/legacy packet networks, and provide mappings to enable packet transport carriage over a variety of transport network infrastructures. The latter has been termed vertical interworking, and is also known as client/server or network interworking. The former has been termed horizontal interworking, and is also known as peer-partition or service interworking. For more details on interworking and some of the issues that may arise (especially with horizontal interworking), see G.805 [ITU.G805.2000] and Y.1401 [ITU.Y1401.2008].
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a maturing packet technology and it is already playing an important role in transport networks and services. However, not all of MPLS's capabilities and mechanisms are needed and/or consistent with transport network operations. There are also transport technology characteristics that are not currently reflected in MPLS. Therefore, there is the need to define an MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) that supports the capabilities and functionalities needed for packet-transport network services and operations through combining the packet experience of MPLS with the operational experience and practices of existing transport networks.
MPLS-TP will enable the deployment of packet-based transport networks that will efficiently scale to support packet services in a simple and cost-effective way. MPLS-TP needs to combine the necessary existing capabilities of MPLS with additional minimal mechanisms in order that it can be used in a transport role.
This document specifies the requirements of an MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). The requirements are for the behavior of the protocol mechanisms and procedures that constitute building blocks out of which the MPLS Transport Profile is constructed. That is, the requirements indicate what features are to be available in the MPLS toolkit for use by MPLS-TP. The requirements in this document do not describe what functions an MPLS-TP implementation supports. The purpose of this document is to identify the toolkit and any new protocol work that is required.
This document is a product of a joint ITU-T and IETF effort to include an MPLS Transport Profile within the IETF MPLS and PWE3 architectures to support the capabilities and functionalities of a packet transport network as defined by ITU-T. The document is a requirements specification, but is presented on the Standards Track so that it can be more easily cited as a normative reference from within the work of the ITU-T.
This work is based on two sources of requirements, MPLS and PWE3 architectures as defined by IETF and packet transport networks as defined by ITU-T. The requirements of MPLS-TP are provided below. The relevant functions of MPLS and PWE3 are included in MPLS-TP, except where explicitly excluded. Any new functionality that is defined to fulfill the requirements for MPLS-TP must be agreed within the IETF through the IETF consensus process as per [RFC4929].
MPLS-TP transport paths may be established using static or dynamic configuration. It should be noted that the MPLS-TP network and its transport paths can always be operated fully (including OAM and protection capabilities) in the absence of any control plane.
1.1. Requirements Language
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The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Although this document is not a protocol specification, the use of this language clarifies the instructions to protocol designers producing solutions that satisfy the requirements set out in this document.
1.2. Terminology
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Note: Mapping between the terms in this section and ITU-T terminology is described in [TP-TERMS].
The recovery requirements in this document use the recovery terminology defined in RFC 4427 [RFC4427]; this is applied to both control-plane- and management-plane-based operations of MPLS-TP transport paths.
1.2.1. Abbreviations
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ASON:
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Automatically Switched Optical Network
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ATM:
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
CAPEX:
Capital Expenditure
CE:
Customer Edge
FR:
Frame Relay GMPLS: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
IGP:
Interior Gateway Protocol
IPTV:
IP Television
L2:
Layer 2
L3:
Layer 3
LSP:
Label Switched Path
LSR:
Label Switching Router
MPLS:
Multi-Protocol Label Switching OAM: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
OPEX:
Operational Expenditure
OSI:
Open Systems Interconnection
OTN:
Optical Transport Network
P2MP:
Point to Multipoint
P2P:
Point to Point
PDU:
Protocol Data Unit
PSC:
Protection State Coordination
PW:
Pseudowire
QoS:
Quality of Service
SDH:
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SLA:
Service Level Agreement
SLS:
Service Level Specification
S-PE:
Switching Provider Edge
SONET:
Synchronous Optical Network
SRLG:
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Shared Risk Link Group
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TCO:
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Total Cost of Ownership
T-PE:
Terminating Provider Edge
VoIP:
Voice over IP
VPN:
Virtual Private Network
WDM:
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
1.2.2. Definitions
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Note: The definition of "segment" in a GMPLS/ASON context (i.e., as defined in RFC4397 [RFC4397]) encompasses both "segment" and "concatenated segment" as defined in this document.
Associated bidirectional path: A path that supports traffic flow in both directions but that is constructed from a pair of unidirectional paths (one for each direction) that are associated with one another at the path's ingress/egress points. The forward and backward directions are setup, monitored, and protected independently. As a consequence, they may or may not follow the same route (links and nodes) across the network.
Client layer network: In a client/server relationship (see G.805 [ITU.G805.2000]), the client layer network receives a (transport) service from the lower server layer network (usually the layer network under consideration).
Concatenated Segment: A serial-compound link connection as defined in G.805 [ITU.G805.2000]. A concatenated segment is a contiguous part of an LSP or multi-segment PW that comprises a set of segments and their interconnecting nodes in sequence. See also "Segment".
Control Plane: Within the scope of this document, the control plane performs transport path control functions. Through signalling, the control plane sets up, modifies and releases transport paths, and may recover a transport path in case of a failure. The control plane also performs other functions in support of transport path control, such as routing information dissemination.
Co-routed Bidirectional path: A path where the forward and backward directions follow the same route (links and nodes) across the network. Both directions are setup, monitored and protected as a single entity. A transport network path is typically co-routed.
Domain: A domain represents a collection of entities (for example network elements) that are grouped for a particular purpose, examples of which are administrative and/or managerial responsibilities, trust relationships, addressing schemes, infrastructure capabilities, aggregation, survivability techniques, distributions of control functionality, etc. Examples of such domains include IGP areas and Autonomous Systems.
Layer network: Layer network is defined in G.805 [ITU.G805.2000]. A layer network provides for the transfer of client information and independent operation of the client OAM. A layer network may be described in a service context as follows: one layer network may provide a (transport) service to a higher client layer network and may, in turn, be a client to a lower-layer network. A layer network is a logical construction somewhat independent of arrangement or composition of physical network elements. A particular physical network element may topologically belong to more than one layer network, depending on the actions it takes on the encapsulation associated with the logical layers (e.g., the label stack), and thus could be modeled as multiple logical elements. A layer network may consist of one or more sublayers. Section 1.4 provides a more detailed overview of what constitutes a layer network. For additional explanation of how layer networks relate to the OSI concept of layering, see Appendix I of Y.2611 [ITU.Y2611.2006].
Link: A physical or logical connection between a pair of LSRs that are adjacent at the (sub)layer network under consideration. A link may carry zero, one, or more LSPs or PWs. A packet entering a link will emerge with the same label-stack entry values.
MPLS-TP Logical Ring: An MPLS-TP logical ring is constructed from a set of LSRs and logical data links (such as MPLS-TP LSP tunnels or MPLS-TP pseudowires) and physical data links that form a ring topology.
Path:
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See Transport Path.
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MPLS-TP Physical Ring: An MPLS-TP physical ring is constructed from a set of LSRs and physical data links that form a ring topology.
MPLS-TP Ring Topology: In an MPLS-TP ring topology, each LSR is connected to exactly two other LSRs, each via a single point-to-point bidirectional MPLS-TP capable link. A ring may also be constructed from only two LSRs where there are also exactly two links. Rings may be connected to other LSRs to form a larger network. Traffic originating or terminating outside the ring may be carried over the ring. Client network nodes (such as CEs) may be connected directly to an LSR in the ring.
Section Layer Network: A section layer is a server layer (which may be MPLS-TP or a different technology) that provides for the transfer of the section-layer client information between adjacent nodes in the transport-path layer or transport-service layer. A section layer may provide for aggregation of multiple MPLS-TP clients. Note that G.805 [ITU.G805.2000] defines the section layer as one of the two layer networks in a transmission-media layer network. The other layer network is the physical-media layer network.
Segment: A link connection as defined in G.805 [ITU.G805.2000]. A segment is the part of an LSP that traverses a single link or the part of a PW that traverses a single link (i.e., that connects a pair of adjacent {Switching|Terminating} Provider Edges). See also "Concatenated Segment".
Server Layer Network: In a client/server relationship (see G.805 [ITU.G805.2000]), the server layer network provides a (transport) service to the higher client layer network (usually the layer network under consideration).
Sublayer: Sublayer is defined in G.805 [ITU.G805.2000]. The distinction between a layer network and a sublayer is that a sublayer is not directly accessible to clients outside of its encapsulating layer network and offers no direct transport service for a higher layer (client) network.
Switching Provider Edge (S-PE): See [MS-PW-ARCH].
Terminating Provider Edge (T-PE): See [MS-PW-ARCH].
Transport Path: A network connection as defined in G.805 [ITU.G805.2000]. In an MPLS-TP environment, a transport path corresponds to an LSP or a PW.
Transport Path Layer: A (sub)layer network that provides point-to- point or point-to-multipoint transport paths. It provides OAM that is independent of the clients that it is transporting.
Transport Service Layer: A layer network in which transport paths are used to carry a customer's (individual or bundled) service (may be point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, or multipoint-to-multipoint services).
Transmission Media Layer: A layer network, consisting of a section layer network and a physical layer network as defined in G.805 [ITU.G805.2000], that provides sections (two-port point-to-point connections) to carry the aggregate of network-transport path or network-service layers on various physical media.
Unidirectional Path: A path that supports traffic flow in only one direction.
1.3. Transport Network Overview
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The connectivity service is the basic service provided by a transport network. The purpose of a transport network is to carry its customer traffic (i.e., the stream of customer PDUs or customer bits, including overhead) between end points in the transport network (typically over several intermediate nodes). The connectivity services offered to customers are typically aggregated into large transport paths with long holding times and OAM that is independent (of the client OAM), which contribute to enabling the efficient and reliable operation of the transport network. These transport paths are modified infrequently.
Quality-of-service mechanisms are required in the packet transport network to ensure the prioritization of critical services, to guarantee bandwidth, and to control jitter and delay. A transport network must provide the means to meet the quality-of-service objectives of its clients. This is achieved by providing a mechanism for client network service demarcation for the network path together with an associated network resiliency mechanism.
Aggregation is beneficial for achieving scalability and security since:
- It reduces the number of provisioning and forwarding states in the network core.
- It reduces load and the cost of implementing service assurance and fault management.
- Customer traffic is encapsulated and layer-associated OAM overhead is added. This allows complete isolation of customer traffic and its management from carrier operations.
An important attribute of a transport network is that it is able to function regardless of which clients are using its connection service or over which transmission media it is running. From a functional and operational point of view, the client, transport network, and server layers are independent layer networks. Another key characteristic of transport networks is the capability to maintain the integrity of the client across the transport network. A transport network must also provide a method of service monitoring in order to verify the delivery of an agreed quality of service. This is enabled by means of carrier-grade OAM tools.
Customer traffic is first encapsulated within the transport-service layer network. The transport service layer network signals may then be aggregated into a transport-path layer network for transport through the network in order to optimize network management. Transport-service layer network OAM is used to monitor the transport integrity of the customer traffic, and transport-path layer network OAM is used to monitor the transport integrity of the aggregates. At any hop, the aggregated signals may be further aggregated in lower- layer transport network paths for transport across intermediate shared links. The transport service layer network signals are extracted at the edges of aggregation domains, and are either delivered to the customer or forwarded to another domain. In the core of the network, only the transport path layer network signals are monitored at intermediate points; individual transport service layer network signals are monitored at the network boundary. Although the connectivity of the transport-service layer network may be point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, or multipoint-to-multipoint, the transport-path layer network only provides point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transport paths, which are used to carry aggregates of transport service layer network traffic.
1.4. Layer Network Overview
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A layer network provides its clients with a transport service and the operation of the layer network is independent of whatever client happens to use the layer network. Information that passes between any client to the layer network is common to all clients and is the minimum needed to be consistent with the definition of the transport service offered. The client layer network can be connectionless, connection-oriented packet switched, or circuit switched. The transport service transfers a payload such that the client can populate the payload without affecting any operation within the serving layer network. Here, payload means:
- an individual packet payload (for connectionless networks),
- a sequence of packet payloads (for connection-oriented packet- switched networks), or
- a deterministic schedule of payloads (for circuit-switched networks).
The operations within a layer network that are independent of its clients include the control of forwarding, the control of resource reservation, the control of traffic de-merging, and the OAM and recovery of the transport service. All of these operations are internal to a layer network. By definition, a layer network does not rely on any client information to perform these operations, and therefore all information required to perform these operations is independent of whatever client is using the layer network.
A layer network will have consistent features in order to support the control of forwarding, resource reservation, OAM, and recovery. For example, a layer network will have a common addressing scheme for the end points of the transport service and a common set of transport descriptors for the transport service. However, a client may use a different addressing scheme or different traffic descriptors (consistent with performance inheritance).
It is sometimes useful to independently monitor a smaller domain within a layer network (or the transport services that traverse this smaller domain), but the control of forwarding or the control of resource reservation involved retain their common elements. These smaller monitored domains are sublayers.
It is sometimes useful to independently control forwarding in a smaller domain within a layer network, but the control of resource reservation and OAM retain their common elements. These smaller domains are partitions of the layer network.
2. MPLS-TP Requirements
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The MPLS-TP requirements set out in this section are for the behavior of the protocol mechanisms and procedures that constitute building blocks out of which the MPLS Transport Profile is constructed. That is, the requirements indicate what features are to be available in the MPLS toolkit for use by MPLS-TP.
2.1. General Requirements
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1 The MPLS-TP data plane MUST be a subset of the MPLS data plane as defined by the IETF. When MPLS offers multiple options in this respect, MPLS-TP SHOULD select the minimum subset (necessary and sufficient subset) applicable to a transport network application. 2 The MPLS-TP design SHOULD as far as reasonably possible reuse existing MPLS standards. 3 Mechanisms and capabilities MUST be able to interoperate with existing IETF MPLS [RFC3031] and IETF PWE3 [RFC3985] control and data planes where appropriate.-
A. Data-plane interoperability MUST NOT require a gateway
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function.
4 MPLS-TP and its interfaces, both internal and external, MUST be sufficiently well-defined that interworking equipment supplied by multiple vendors will be possible both within a single domain and between domains. 5 MPLS-TP MUST be a connection-oriented packet-switching technology with traffic-engineering capabilities that allow deterministic control of the use of network resources. 6 MPLS-TP MUST support traffic-engineered point-to-point (P2P) and point-to-multipoint (P2MP) transport paths. 7 MPLS-TP MUST support unidirectional, co-routed bidirectional, and associated bidirectional point-to-point transport paths. 8 MPLS-TP MUST support unidirectional point-to-multipoint transport paths. 9 The end points of a co-routed bidirectional transport path MUST be aware of the pairing relationship of the forward and reverse paths used to support the bidirectional service. 10 All nodes on the path of a co-routed bidirectional transport path in the same (sub)layer as the path MUST be aware of the pairing relationship of the forward and the backward directions of the transport path. 11 The end points of an associated bidirectional transport path MUST be aware of the pairing relationship of the forward and reverse paths used to support the bidirectional service. 12 Nodes on the path of an associated bidirectional transport path where both the forward and backward directions transit the same node in the same (sub)layer as the path SHOULD be aware of the pairing relationship of the forward and the backward directions of the transport path. 13 MPLS-TP MUST support bidirectional transport paths with symmetric bandwidth requirements, i.e., the amount of reserved bandwidth is the same between the forward and backward directions. 14 MPLS-TP MUST support bidirectional transport paths with asymmetric bandwidth requirements, i.e., the amount of reserved bandwidth differs between the forward and backward directions. 15 MPLS-TP MUST support the logical separation of the control and management planes from the data plane. 16 MPLS-TP MUST support the physical separation of the control and management planes from the data plane. That is, it must be possible to operate the control and management planes out-of- band, and no assumptions should be made about the state of the data-plane channels from information about the control or management-plane channels when they are running out-of-band. 17 MPLS-TP MUST support static provisioning of transport paths via the management plane. 18 A solution MUST be defined to support dynamic provisioning and restoration of MPLS-TP transport paths via a control plane. 19 Static provisioning MUST NOT depend on the presence of any element of a control plane. 20 MPLS-TP MUST support the coexistence of statically and dynamically provisioned/managed MPLS-TP transport paths within the same layer network or domain. 21 Mechanisms in an MPLS-TP layer network that satisfy functional requirements that are common to general transport-layer networks (i.e., independent of technology) SHOULD be operable in a way that is similar to the way the equivalent mechanisms are operated in other transport-layer technologies. 22 MPLS-TP MUST support the capability for network operation via the management plane (without the use of any control-plane protocols). This includes the configuration and control of OAM and recovery functions. 23 The MPLS-TP data plane MUST be capable of-
A. forwarding data independent of the control or management
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plane used to configure and operate the MPLS-TP layer network.
B. taking recovery actions independent of the control or
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management plane used to configure the MPLS-TP layer network.
C. operating normally (i.e., forwarding, OAM, and protection MUST continue to operate) if the management plane or control plane that configured the transport paths fails. 24 MPLS-TP MUST support mechanisms to avoid or minimize traffic impact (e.g., packet delay, reordering, and loss) during network reconfiguration. 25 MPLS-TP MUST support transport paths through multiple homogeneous domains. 26 MPLS-TP SHOULD support transport paths through multiple non- homogeneous domains. 27 MPLS-TP MUST NOT dictate the deployment of any particular network topology either physical or logical, however:-
A. It MUST be possible to deploy MPLS-TP in rings.
B. It MUST be possible to deploy MPLS-TP in arbitrarily
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interconnected rings with one or two points of interconnection.
C. MPLS-TP MUST support rings of at least 16 nodes in order to
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support the upgrade of existing Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) rings to MPLS-TP. MPLS-TP SHOULD support rings with more than 16 nodes.
28 MPLS-TP MUST be able to scale at least as well as existing transport technologies with growing and increasingly complex network topologies as well as with increasing amounts of customers, services, and bandwidth demand. 29 MPLS-TP SHOULD support mechanisms to safeguard against the provisioning of transport paths which contain forwarding loops. -
2.2. Layering Requirements
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30 A generic and extensible solution MUST be provided to support the transport of one or more client layer networks (e.g., MPLS-TP, IP, MPLS, Ethernet, ATM, FR, etc.) over an MPLS-TP layer network. 31 A generic and extensible solution MUST be provided to support the transport of MPLS-TP transport paths over one or more server layer networks (such as MPLS-TP, Ethernet, SONET/SDH, OTN, etc.). Requirements for bandwidth management within a server layer network are outside the scope of this document. 32 In an environment where an MPLS-TP layer network is supporting a client layer network, and the MPLS-TP layer network is supported by a server layer network, then operation of the MPLS-TP layer network MUST be possible without any dependencies on the server or client layer network.-
A. The server layer MUST guarantee that the traffic-loading
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imposed by other clients does not cause the transport service provided to the MPLS-TP layer to fall below the agreed level. Mechanisms to achieve this are outside the scope of these requirements.
B. It MUST be possible to isolate the control and management
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planes of the MPLS-TP layer network from the control and management planes of the client and server layer networks.
33 A solution MUST be provided to support the transport of a client MPLS or MPLS-TP layer network over a server MPLS or MPLS-TP layer network.-
A. The level of coordination required between the client and
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server MPLS(-TP) layer networks MUST be minimized (preferably no coordination will be required).
B. The MPLS(-TP) server layer network MUST be capable of
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transporting the complete set of packets generated by the client MPLS(-TP) layer network, which may contain packets that are not MPLS packets (e.g., IP or Connectionless Network Protocol (CNLP) packets used by the control/management plane of the client MPLS(-TP) layer network).
34 It MUST be possible to operate the layers of a multi-layer network that includes an MPLS-TP layer autonomously.The above are not only technology requirements, but also operational requirements. Different administrative groups may be responsible for the same layer network or different layer networks.
35 It MUST be possible to hide MPLS-TP layer network addressing and other information (e.g., topology) from client layer networks. However, it SHOULD be possible, at the option of the operator, to leak a limited amount of summarized information (such as SRLGs or reachability) between layers. -
2.3. Data Plane Requirements
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36 It MUST be possible to operate and configure the MPLS-TP data plane without any IP forwarding capability in the MPLS-TP data plane. That is, the data plane only operates on the MPLS label. 37 It MUST be possible for the end points of an MPLS-TP transport path that is carrying an aggregate of client transport paths to be able to decompose the aggregate transport path into its component client transport paths. 38 A transport path on a link MUST be uniquely identifiable by a single label on that link. 39 A transport path's source MUST be identifiable at its destination within its layer network. 40 MPLS-TP MUST be capable of using P2MP server (sub)layer capabilities as well as P2P server (sub)layer capabilities when supporting P2MP MPLS-TP transport paths. 41 MPLS-TP MUST be extensible in order to accommodate new types of client layer networks and services. 42 MPLS-TP SHOULD support mechanisms to enable the reserved bandwidth associated with a transport path to be increased without impacting the existing traffic on that transport path provided enough resources are available. 43 MPLS-TP SHOULD support mechanisms to enable the reserved bandwidth of a transport path to be decreased without impacting the existing traffic on that transport path, provided that the level of existing traffic is smaller than the reserved bandwidth following the decrease. 44 MPLS-TP MUST support mechanisms that ensure the integrity of the transported customer's service traffic as required by its associated SLA. Loss of integrity may be defined as packet corruption, reordering, or loss during normal network conditions. 45 MPLS-TP MUST support mechanisms to detect when loss of integrity of the transported customer's service traffic has occurred. 46 MPLS-TP MUST support an unambiguous and reliable means of distinguishing users' (client) packets from MPLS-TP control packets (e.g., control plane, management plane, OAM, and protection-switching packets).
2.4. Control Plane Requirements
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This section defines the requirements that apply to an MPLS-TP control plane. Note that it MUST be possible to operate an MPLS-TP network without using a control plane.
The ITU-T has defined an architecture for Automatically Switched Optical Networks (ASONs) in G.8080 [ITU.G8080.2006] and G.8080 Amendment 1 [ITU.G8080.2008]. The control plane for MPLS-TP MUST fit within the ASON architecture.
An interpretation of the ASON signaling and routing requirements in the context of GMPLS can be found in [RFC4139] and [RFC4258].
Additionally:
47 The MPLS-TP control plane MUST support control-plane topology and data-plane topology independence. As a consequence, a failure of the control plane does not imply that there has also been a failure of the data plane. 48 The MPLS-TP control plane MUST be able to be operated independently of any particular client- or server-layer control plane. 49 MPLS-TP SHOULD define a solution to support an integrated control plane encompassing MPLS-TP together with its server and client layer networks when these layer networks belong to the same administrative domain. 50 The MPLS-TP control plane MUST support establishing all the connectivity patterns defined for the MPLS-TP data plane (i.e., unidirectional P2P, associated bidirectional P2P, co-routed bidirectional P2P, unidirectional P2MP) including configuration of protection functions and any associated maintenance functions. 51 The MPLS-TP control plane MUST support the configuration and modification of OAM maintenance points as well as the activation/ deactivation of OAM when the transport path or transport service is established or modified. 52 An MPLS-TP control plane MUST support operation of the recovery functions described in Section 2.8. 53 An MPLS-TP control plane MUST scale gracefully to support a large number of transport paths, nodes, and links. 54 If a control plane is used for MPLS-TP, following a control-plane failure, the control plane MUST be capable of restarting and relearning its previous state without impacting forwarding. 55 An MPLS-TP control plane MUST provide a mechanism for dynamic ownership transfer of the control of MPLS-TP transport paths from the management plane to the control plane and vice versa. The number of reconfigurations required in the data plane MUST be minimized (preferably no data-plane reconfiguration will be required).
2.5. Recovery Requirements
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Network survivability plays a critical role in the delivery of reliable services. Network availability is a significant contributor to revenue and profit. Service guarantees in the form of SLAs require a resilient network that rapidly detects facility or node failures and restores network operation in accordance with the terms of the SLA.
56 MPLS-TP MUST provide protection and restoration mechanisms.
-
A. MPLS-TP recovery techniques SHOULD be identical (or as
-
similar as possible) to those already used in existing
transport networks to simplify implementation and operations.
However, this MUST NOT override any other requirement.
-
-
B. Recovery techniques used for P2P and P2MP SHOULD be identical
-
to simplify implementation and operation. However, this MUST NOT override any other requirement.
57 MPLS-TP recovery mechanisms MUST be applicable at various levels throughout the network including support for link, transport path, segment, concatenated segment, and end-to-end recovery. 58 MPLS-TP recovery paths MUST meet the SLA protection objectives of the service.-
A. MPLS-TP MUST provide mechanisms to guarantee 50ms recovery
-
times from the moment of fault detection in networks with spans less than 1200 km.
B. For protection it MUST be possible to require protection of
-
100% of the traffic on the protected path.
C. Recovery MUST meet SLA requirements over multiple domains.
59 Recovery objectives SHOULD be configurable per transport path. 60 The recovery mechanisms SHOULD be applicable to any topology. 61 The recovery mechanisms MUST support the means to operate in synergy with (including coordination of timing) the recovery mechanisms present in any client or server transport networks (for example, Ethernet, SDH, OTN, WDM) to avoid race conditions between the layers. 62 MPLS-TP recovery and reversion mechanisms MUST prevent frequent operation of recovery in the event of an intermittent defect. -
2.5.1. Data-Plane Behavior Requirements
-
General protection and survivability requirements are expressed in terms of the behavior in the data plane.
2.5.1.1. Protection
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Note: Only nodes that are aware of the pairing relationship between the forward and backward directions of an associated bidirectional transport path can be used as end points to protect all or part of that transport path.
63 It MUST be possible to provide protection for the MPLS-TP data plane without any IP forwarding capability in the MPLS-TP data plane. That is, the data plane only operates on the MPLS label. 64 MPLS-TP protection mechanisms MUST support revertive and non- revertive behavior. 65 MPLS-TP MUST support 1+1 protection.-
A. Bidirectional 1+1 protection for P2P connectivity MUST be
-
supported.
B. Unidirectional 1+1 protection for P2P connectivity MUST be
-
supported.
C. Unidirectional 1+1 protection for P2MP connectivity MUST be
-
supported.
66 MPLS-TP MUST support the ability to share protection resources amongst a number of transport paths. 67 MPLS-TP MUST support 1:n protection (including 1:1 protection).-
A. Bidirectional 1:n protection for P2P connectivity MUST be
-
supported and SHOULD be the default behavior for 1:n protection.
B. Unidirectional 1:n protection for P2MP connectivity MUST be
-
supported.
C. Unidirectional 1:n protection for P2P connectivity is not
-
required and MAY be omitted from the MPLS-TP specifications.
D. The action of protection-switching MUST NOT cause the user
-
data to enter an uncontrolled loop. The protection-switching system MAY cause traffic to pass over a given link more than once, but it must do so in a controlled way such that uncontrolled loops do not form.
Note: Support for extra traffic (as defined in [RFC4427]) is not required in MPLS-TP and MAY be omitted from the MPLS-TP specifications.
-
2.5.1.2. Sharing of Protection Resources
-
68 MPLS-TP SHOULD support 1:n (including 1:1) shared mesh recovery. 69 MPLS-TP MUST support sharing of protection resources such that protection paths that are known not to be required concurrently can share the same resources.
2.5.2. Restoration
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70 The restoration transport path MUST be able to share resources with the transport path being replaced (sometimes known as soft rerouting). 71 Restoration priority MUST be supported so that an implementation can determine the order in which transport paths should be restored (to minimize service restoration time as well as to gain access to available spare capacity on the best paths). 72 Preemption priority MUST be supported to allow restoration to displace other transport paths in the event of resource constraint. 73 MPLS-TP restoration mechanisms MUST support revertive and non- revertive behavior.
2.5.3. Triggers for Protection, Restoration, and Reversion
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Recovery actions may be triggered from different places as follows:
74 MPLS-TP MUST support fault indication triggers from lower layers. This includes faults detected and reported by lower-layer protocols, and faults reported directly by the physical medium (for example, loss of light). 75 MPLS-TP MUST support OAM-based triggers. 76 MPLS-TP MUST support management-plane triggers (e.g., forced switch, etc.). 77 There MUST be a mechanism to distinguish administrative recovery actions from recovery actions initiated by other triggers. 78 Where a control plane is present, MPLS-TP SHOULD support control- plane restoration triggers. 79 MPLS-TP protection mechanisms MUST support priority logic to negotiate and accommodate coexisting requests (i.e., multiple requests) for protection-switching (e.g., administrative requests and requests due to link/node failures).
2.5.4. Management-Plane Operation of Protection and Restoration
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All functions described here are for control by the operator.
80 It MUST be possible to configure protection paths and protection- to-working path relationships (sometimes known as protection groups). 81 There MUST be support for pre-calculation of recovery paths. 82 There MUST be support for pre-provisioning of recovery paths. 83 The external controls as defined in [RFC4427] MUST be supported.-
A. External controls overruled by higher priority requests
-
(e.g., administrative requests and requests due to link/node failures) or unable to be signaled to the remote end (e.g., due to a coordination failure of the protection state) MUST be dropped.
84 It MUST be possible to test and validate any protection/ restoration mechanisms and protocols:-
A. Including the integrity of the protection/recovery transport
-
path.
B. Without triggering the actual protection/restoration.
C. While the working path is in service.
D. While the working path is out of service.
85 Restoration resources MAY be pre-planned and selected a priori, or computed after failure occurrence. 86 When preemption is supported for restoration purposes, it MUST be possible for the operator to configure it. 87 The management plane MUST provide indications of protection events and triggers. 88 The management plane MUST allow the current protection status of all transport paths to be determined. -
2.5.5. Control Plane and In-Band OAM Operation of Recovery
-
89 The MPLS-TP control plane (which is not mandatory in an MPLS-TP implementation) MUST be capable of supporting:-
A. establishment and maintenance of all recovery entities and
functions
-
B. signaling of administrative control
C. protection state coordination (PSC). Since control plane
-
network topology is independent from the data plane network topology, the PSC supported by the MPLS-TP control plane MAY run on resources different than the data plane resources handled within the recovery mechanism (e.g., backup).
90 In-band OAM MUST be capable of supporting:
-
A. signaling of administrative control
B. protection state coordination (PSC). Since in-band OAM tools share the data plane with the carried transport service, in order to optimize the usage of network resources, the PSC supported by in-band OAM MUST run on protection resources. -
2.5.6. Topology-Specific Recovery Mechanisms
-
91 MPLS-TP MAY support recovery mechanisms that are optimized for specific network topologies. These mechanisms MUST be interoperable with the mechanisms defined for arbitrary topology (mesh) networks to enable protection of end-to-end transport paths.
2.5.6.1. Ring Protection
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Several service providers have expressed a high level of interest in operating MPLS-TP in ring topologies and require a high level of survivability function in these topologies. The requirements listed below have been collected from these service providers and from the ITU-T.
The main objective in considering a specific topology (such as a ring) is to determine whether it is possible to optimize any mechanisms such that the performance of those mechanisms within the topology is significantly better than the performance of the generic mechanisms in the same topology. The benefits of such optimizations are traded against the costs of developing, implementing, deploying, and operating the additional optimized mechanisms noting that the generic mechanisms MUST continue to be supported.
Within the context of recovery in MPLS-TP networks, the optimization criteria considered in ring topologies are as follows:
a. Minimize the number of OAM entities that are needed to trigger
-
the recovery operation, such that it is less than is required by other recovery mechanisms.
b. Minimize the number of elements of recovery in the ring, such
-
that it is less than is required by other recovery mechanisms.
c. Minimize the number of labels required for the protection paths
-
across the ring, such that it is less than is required by other recovery mechanisms.
d. Minimize the amount of control and management-plane transactions
-
during a maintenance operation (e.g., ring upgrade), such that it is less than the amount required by other recovery mechanisms.
e. When a control plane is supported, minimize the impact on
-
signaling and routing information exchange during protection, such that it is less than the impact caused by other recovery mechanisms.
It may be observed that the requirements in Section 2.5.6.1 are fully compatible with the generic requirements expressed in Section 2.5 through Section 2.5.6 inclusive, and that no requirements that are specific to ring topologies have been identified.
92 MPLS-TP MUST include recovery mechanisms that operate in any single ring supported in MPLS-TP, and continue to operate within the single rings even when the rings are interconnected. 93 When a network is constructed from interconnected rings, MPLS-TP MUST support recovery mechanisms that protect user data that traverses more than one ring. This includes the possibility of failure of the ring-interconnect nodes and links. 94 MPLS-TP recovery in a ring MUST protect unidirectional and bidirectional P2P transport paths. 95 MPLS-TP recovery in a ring MUST protect unidirectional P2MP transport paths. 96 MPLS-TP 1+1 and 1:1 protection in a ring MUST support switching time within 50 ms from the moment of fault detection in a network with a 16-node ring with less than 1200 km of fiber. 97 The protection switching time in a ring MUST be independent of the number of LSPs crossing the ring. 98 The configuration and operation of recovery mechanisms in a ring MUST scale well with:-
A. the number of transport paths (MUST be better than linear
scaling)
-
B. the number of nodes on the ring (MUST be at least as good as
linear scaling)
-
C. the number of ring interconnects (MUST be at least as good
as linear scaling) 99 Recovery techniques used in a ring MUST NOT prevent the ring from being connected to a general MPLS-TP network in any arbitrary way, and MUST NOT prevent the operation of recovery techniques in the rest of the network. 100 Recovery techniques in a ring SHOULD be identical (or as similar as possible) to those in general transport networks to simplify implementation and operations. However, this MUST NOT override any other requirement. 101 Recovery techniques in logical and physical rings SHOULD be identical to simplify implementation and operation. However, this MUST NOT override any other requirement. 102 The default recovery scheme in a ring MUST be bidirectional recovery in order to simplify the recovery operation. 103 The recovery mechanism in a ring MUST support revertive switching, which MUST be the default behavior. This allows optimization of the use of the ring resources, and restores the preferred quality conditions for normal traffic (e.g., delay) when the recovery mechanism is no longer needed. 104 The recovery mechanisms in a ring MUST support ways to distinguish administrative protection-switching from protection- switching initiated by other triggers. 105 It MUST be possible to lockout (disable) protection mechanisms on selected links (spans) in a ring (depending on the operator's need). This may require lockout mechanisms to be applied to intermediate nodes within a transport path. 106 MPLS-TP recovery mechanisms in a ring:-
A. MUST include a mechanism to allow an implementation to
-
handle and coordinate coexisting requests or triggers for protection-switching based on priority. (For example, this includes multiple requests that are not necessarily arriving simultaneously and that are located anywhere in the ring.) Note that such coordination of the ring is equivalent to the use of shared protection groups.
B. SHOULD protect against multiple failures
107 MPLS-TP recovery and reversion mechanisms in a ring MUST offer a way to prevent frequent operation of recovery in the event of an intermittent defect. 108 MPLS-TP MUST support the sharing of protection bandwidth in a ring by allowing best-effort traffic. 109 MPLS-TP MUST support sharing of ring protection resources such that protection paths that are known not to be required concurrently can share the same resources.
2.6. QoS Requirements
-
Carriers require advanced traffic-management capabilities to enforce and guarantee the QoS parameters of customers' SLAs.
Quality-of-service mechanisms are REQUIRED in an MPLS-TP network to ensure:
110 Support for differentiated services and different traffic types with traffic class separation associated with different traffic. 111 Enabling the provisioning and the guarantee of Service Level Specifications (SLSs), with support for hard and relative end- to-end bandwidth guaranteed. 112 Support of services, which are sensitive to jitter and delay. 113 Guarantee of fair access, within a particular class, to shared resources. 114 Guaranteed resources for in-band control and management-plane traffic, regardless of the amount of data-plane traffic. 115 Carriers are provided with the capability to efficiently support service demands over the MPLS-TP network. This MUST include support for a flexible bandwidth allocation scheme.
3. Requirements Discussed in Other Documents
3.1. Network Management Requirements
-
For requirements related to network management functionality (Management Plane in ITU-T terminology) for MPLS-TP, see the MPLS-TP Network Management requirements document [TP-NM-REQ].
3.2. Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Requirements
-
For requirements related to OAM functionality for MPLS-TP, see the MPLS-TP OAM requirements document [TP-OAM-REQS].
3.3. Network Performance-Monitoring Requirements
-
For requirements related to performance-monitoring functionality for MPLS-TP, see the MPLS-TP OAM requirements document [TP-OAM-REQS].
3.4. Security Requirements
-
For a description of the security threats relevant in the context of MPLS and GMPLS and the defensive techniques to combat those threats, see "Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS Networks" [G/MPLS-SEC].
For a description of additional security threats relevant in the context of MPLS-TP and the defensive techniques to combat those threats see "Security Framework for MPLS-TP" [TP-SEC-FMWK].
4. Security Considerations
-
See Section 3.4.
5. Acknowledgements
-
The authors would like to thank all members of the teams (the Joint Working Team, the MPLS Interoperability Design Team in the IETF, and the T-MPLS Ad Hoc Group in the ITU-T) involved in the definition and specification of the MPLS Transport Profile.
The authors would also like to thank Loa Andersson, Dieter Beller, Lou Berger, Italo Busi, John Drake, Adrian Farrel, Annamaria Fulignoli, Pietro Grandi, Eric Gray, Neil Harrison, Jia He, Huub van Helvoort, Enrique Hernandez-Valencia, Wataru Imajuku, Kam Lam, Andy Malis, Alan McGuire, Julien Meuric, Greg Mirsky, Tom Nadeau, Hiroshi Ohta, Tom Petch, Andy Reid, Vincenzo Sestito, George Swallow, Lubo Tancevski, Tomonori Takeda, Yuji Tochio, Alexander Vainshtein, Eve Varma, and Maarten Vissers for their comments and enhancements to the text.
An ad hoc discussion group consisting of Stewart Bryant, Italo Busi, Andrea Digiglio, Li Fang, Adrian Farrel, Jia He, Huub van Helvoort, Feng Huang, Harald Kullman, Han Li, Hao Long, and Nurit Sprecher provided valuable input to the requirements for deployment and survivability in ring topologies.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
-
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3031] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031, January 2001. [RFC3985] Bryant, S. and P. Pate, "Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985, March 2005. [RFC4929] Andersson, L. and A. Farrel, "Change Process for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) Protocols and Procedures", BCP 129, RFC 4929, June 2007. [ITU.G805.2000] International Telecommunications Union, "Generic functional architecture of transport networks", ITU-T Recommendation G.805, March 2000. [ITU.G8080.2006] International Telecommunications Union, "Architecture for the automatically switched optical network (ASON)", ITU-T Recommendation G.8080, June 2006. [ITU.G8080.2008] International Telecommunications Union, "Architecture for the automatically switched optical network (ASON) Amendment 1", ITU-T Recommendation G.8080 Amendment 1, March 2008.
6.2. Informative References
-
[RFC4139] Papadimitriou, D., Drake, J., Ash, J., Farrel, A., and L. Ong, "Requirements for Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) Signaling Usage and Extensions for Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON)", RFC 4139, July 2005. [RFC4258] Brungard, D., "Requirements for Generalized Multi- Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Routing for the Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON)", RFC 4258, November 2005. [RFC4397] Bryskin, I. and A. Farrel, "A Lexicography for the Interpretation of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Terminology within the Context of the ITU-T's Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON) Architecture", RFC 4397, February 2006. [RFC4427] Mannie, E. and D. Papadimitriou, "Recovery (Protection and Restoration) Terminology for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)", RFC 4427, March 2006. [TP-SEC-FMWK] Fang, L. and B. Niven-Jenkins, "Security Framework for MPLS-TP", Work in Progress, July 2009. [G/MPLS-SEC] Fang, L., Ed., "Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS Networks", Work in Progress, July 2009. [TP-NM-REQ] Lam, H., Mansfield, S., and E. Gray, "MPLS TP Network Management Requirements", Work in Progress, June 2009. [TP-TERMS] van Helvoort, H., Ed., Andersson, L., Ed., and N. Sprecher, Ed., "A Thesaurus for the Terminology used in Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) drafts/RFCs and ITU-T's Transport Network Recommendations", Work in Progress, June 2009. [TP-OAM-REQS] Vigoureux, M., Ed., Ward, D., Ed., and M. Betts, Ed., "Requirements for OAM in MPLS Transport Networks", Work in Progress, June 2009. [MS-PW-ARCH] Bocci, M. and S. Bryant, "An Architecture for Multi-Segment Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge", Work in Progress, July 2009. [ITU.Y1401.2008] International Telecommunications Union, "Principles of interworking", ITU-T Recommendation Y.1401, February 2008. [ITU.Y2611.2006] International Telecommunications Union, "High-level architecture of future packet-based networks", ITU-T Recommendation Y.2611, December 2006.
Authors' Addresses
-
Ben Niven-Jenkins (editor) BT PP8a, 1st Floor, Orion Building, Adastral Park Ipswich, Suffolk IP5 3RE UK EMail: benjamin.niven-jenkins@bt.com Deborah Brungard (editor) AT&T Rm. D1-3C22 - 200 S. Laurel Ave. Middletown, NJ 07748 USA
EMail:
dbrungard@att.com
Malcolm Betts (editor)
Huawei TechnologiesEMail: malcolm.betts@huawei.com Nurit Sprecher Nokia Siemens Networks 3 Hanagar St. Neve Ne'eman B Hod Hasharon, 45241 Israel EMail: nurit.sprecher@nsn.com
Satoshi Ueno
NTT CommunicationsEMail: satoshi.ueno@ntt.com